Specific ligands to sortilin

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a Sortilin crystal and methods for growing said crystal. The invention furthermore provide methods for design of specific ligands based on the crystal structure of Sortilin. The present invention also relates to the preparation and use of such ligands for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of disease, damage or disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a §371 U.S. National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/DK2009/050099, filed Apr. 27, 2009, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d) of Danish Patent Application No. PA200800592, filed Apr. 27, 2008. Each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

This application includes one or more Sequence Listings pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.821 et seq., which are disclosed in both paper and computer-readable media, and which paper and computer-readable disclosures are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

All patent and non-patent references cited in the application, or in the present application, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the three dimensional structure of a Vps10p-domain receptor described by the atomic coordinates obtained by X-ray crystallography of the human receptor Sortilin. The invention further relates to methods of growing crystals of Sortilin. Based on the three dimensional structure, detailed information regarding specific functionalities of Sortilin is obtained. The invention further relates to methods for screening, identification and/or design of specific ligands of Vps10p-domain receptors based on the crystal structure of Sortilin. The present invention furthermore relates to preparation and use of said ligands for inhibiting the formation of a ternary complex between Sortilin, p75^(NTR) and proneurotrophins such as pro-NGF and proBDNF. The invention further relates to identification of ligands capable of acting as agonists of Sortilin. The present invention also relates to the preparation and use of such ligands for treating disease damage or disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1) sometimes also referred to as Neurotensin receptor 3 (NTR3), Glycoprotein 95 (Gp95) or 100 kDa NT receptor of Swiss Prot ID No. Q99523 is the archetypical member of a mammalian family of neuronal receptors (1-3) defined by the unique Vps10p-domain (Vps10p-D) that among other ligands binds neurotrophic factors and neuropeptides (4-8). This domain constitutes the entire luminal part of Sortilin (sSortilin) and is activated for ligand binding by enzymatic propeptide cleavage (4, 5). Sortilin is a multifunctional type-1 receptor capable of endocytosis as well as intracellular sorting (9-11), and as shown recently, it also engages in signaling by triggering proneurotrophin-induction of p75^(NTR)-mediated neuronal apoptosis (6, 7, 12, 13). Sortilin is synthesized as a proprotein, which is converted to mature Sortilin by enzymatic cleavage and removal of a short N-terminal propeptide. Only the mature receptor binds ligands and interestingly, all its known ligands, e.g. Neurotensin (NT; SEQ ID NO:10), lipoprotein lipase, the proforms of nerve growth factor-β (proNGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), receptor associated protein (RAP), and its own propeptide, compete for binding (5-7, 10), indicating that the diverse ligands target a shared or partially shared binding site. NT is a tridecapeptide, which binds to Sortilin, SorLA (another Vps10p-D receptor) and the two G-protein coupled receptors NTR1 and NTR2 (4, 14-16). The physiological role of NT in relation to Sortilin has not been fully elucidated (17), still NT is an important tool, as it inhibits all other ligands from binding to the Sortilin Vps10p-D.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a main aspect, the present invention relates to a crystal comprising

-   -   a) a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 1;     -   b) a sequence variant of said polypeptide wherein the variant         has at least 60% sequence identity to said SEQ ID NO. 1;     -   c) a fragment comprising at least 200 contiguous amino acids of         any of a) through b), wherein the fragment exhibits sortilin         activity,     -   d) any of a) through c) in complex with at least one ligand.

In a further aspect, the present invention furthermore relates to a method of growing a crystal comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. obtaining a composition comprising 4.5 to 5.5 mg/mL of a         polypeptide of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO. 1) or a fragment or variant         thereof, in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9 and 150 mM         NaCl,     -   b. mixing said composition with Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10) at a         molar ratio of:         -   i. 1:1.5 to 1:15 (sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33): NT (SEQ ID             NO:10) or,         -   ii. 1:4 (sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33): NT propeptide (residues             17-140 of SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:41),     -   c. subjecting equal volumes of said composition and a         crystallization solution respectively, said crystallization         solution containing         -   iii. 18-21% w/v PEG 6000, and         -   iv. 0-15% Glycerol, and         -   v. Tris-HEPES pH 7.2-7.8 (40-93 mM Tris and 100 mM HEPES) or             100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 3-6% glycerol and         -   vi. 300-900 mM NaCl or 150-400 mM C₃H₂Na₂O₄ wherein said             C₃H₂Na₂O₄ is adjusted to pH 6-7.5 by malonic acid, or             300-500 mM LiSO₄ or 500-700 mM KCl and,     -   d. obtaining crystals comprising Sortilin (SEQ ID NO. 1) or a         fragment or variant thereof.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a computer-readable data storage medium comprising a data storage material encoded with at least a portion of the structure coordinates of Sortilin as set forth in any of FIGS. 17 to 20.

In yet another aspect the present invention relates to use of atomic coordinates of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å in a method for identifying a ligand capable of binding to one or more of:

-   -   a. binding site 1, or     -   b. binding site 2, or     -   c. binding site 3,         -   or a fragment or variant of a through c.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of identifying a ligand capable of binding to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin), or a fragment or variant thereof said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) generating the spatial structure of the binding site on a         computer screen using atomic coordinates as presented in any of         FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a         three-dimensional structure that deviates from the         three-dimensional structure presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20         by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms of         not more than 3 Å,     -   b) generating potential ligands with their spatial structure on         the computer screen, and     -   c) selecting ligands that can bind to at least 1 amino acid         residue of the set of binding interaction sites without steric         interference.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a computer-assisted method for identifying a ligand of sortilin capable of binding to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO. 1), or a fragment or variant thereof, using a programmed computer comprising a processor, a data storage system, a data input device and a data output device, comprising the following steps:

-   -   a) inputting into the programmed computer through said input         device data comprising: atomic coordinates of a subset of the         atoms of said sortilin, thereby generating a criteria data set;         wherein said atomic coordinates are selected from the         three-dimensional structure presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20         or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional         structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure         presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square         deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å,     -   b) comparing, using said processor, the criteria data set to a         computer data base of low-molecular weight organic chemical         structures and peptide fragments stored in the data storage         system; and     -   c) selecting from said data base, using computer methods, a         chemical structure having a portion that is structurally         complementary to the criteria data set and being free of steric         interference with the receptor sortilin.

In yet another aspect the present invention relates to a method for identifying a ligand, said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) selecting a potential ligand using atomic coordinates in         conjunction with computer modelling, wherein said atomic         coordinates are the atomic coordinates presented in any of FIGS.         17 to 20 or wherein the atomic coordinates are selected from a         three-dimensional structure that deviates from the         three-dimensional structure presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20         by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms of         not more than 3 Å, by docking potential ligands into a set of         binding interaction sites in binding site 1 and/or binding site         2 and/or binding site 3 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1), or a fragment         or variant thereof, said binding interaction generated by         computer modelling and selecting a potential ligand capable of         binding to at least one amino acid in said set of binding         interaction sites of sortilin,     -   b) providing said potential ligand and said receptor sortilin     -   c) contacting the potential ligand with said receptor sortilin         and     -   d) detecting binding of said receptor sortilin by the potential         ligand.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of identifying a potential ligand of binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of sortilin, or a fragment or variant thereof said method comprising the steps of

-   -   a) introducing into a computer, information derived from atomic         coordinates defining a conformation of binding site 1 and/or         binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1),         or a fragment or variant thereof, based on three-dimensional         structure determination, whereby a computer program utilizes or         displays on the computer screen the structure of said         conformation; wherein said atomic coordinates are selected from         the three-dimensional structure as presented in any of FIGS. 17         to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional         structure that deviates from any one of the tree-dimensional         structure represented by any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean         square deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3         Å;     -   b) generating a three-dimensional representation of binding site         1, binding site 2 or binding site 3 of sortilin by said computer         program on a computer screen;     -   c) superimposing a model of a potential ligand on the         representation of said binding site 1, binding site 2 and         binding site 3,     -   d) assessing the possibility of bonding and the absence of         steric interference of the potential ligand with binding site 1         (the high affinity neurotensin binding site), binding site 2         (the low affinity neurotensin binding site), binding site 3 (the         pro-neurotrophin binding site) of Sortilin or a fragment or a         variant thereof;     -   e) incorporating said potential ligand compound in a binding         assay of said receptor sortilin and     -   f) determining whether said potential ligand inhibits binding of         a competing ligand selected from the group consisting of amino         acid residues 19 to 241 of proNGF (SEQ ID NO:6), amino acid         residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6 (NGF pro domain; SEQ ID         NO:42), amino acid residues 19 to 246 of SEQ ID NO 7 (proBDNF;         SEQ ID NO:43), amino acid residues 19 to 127 of SEQ ID NO 7         (BDNF pro domain; SEQ ID NO:44), amino acid residues 17 to 257         of SEQ ID NO 8 (proNT3; SEQ ID NO:45), amino acid residues 17 to         140 of SEQ ID NO 8 (NT3 pro domain; SEQ ID NO:46), amino acid         residues 25 to 210 of SEQ ID NO 9 (proNT4/5; SEQ ID NO:47),         amino acid residues 25 to 80 of SEQ ID NO 9 (NT4/5 pro domain;         SEQ ID NO:48), SEQ ID NO. 10 (Neurotensin), SEQ ID NO. 11         (PYIL), amino acid residues 11 to 13 of SEQ ID NO. 10 (YIL) and         SEQ ID NO. 12 (NT69L).

In another aspect the present invention relate to a method for building an atomic model of a Vps10p-domain receptor protein molecule comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. identifying a Vps10p-domain receptor, or a fragment or         variant thereof, having at least 20% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO. 1, and     -   b. utilizing the atomic coordinates as presented in any of FIGS.         17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional         structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure         presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square         deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å,         -   to obtain an atomic model of the identified Vps10p-domain             receptor by homology modelling.

In an important aspect the present invention relates to ligand compounds identified by the methods defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a ligand identified by the method described herein above, said ligand capable of binding to at least one interaction point of said binding site 1, said interaction points comprising X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, R₁, R₂, J₁, J₂ and J₃ of FIG. 14 wherein

-   -   X₁ comprises the amino acid residues R325, S316 and Y351 of SEQ         ID NO:1, and     -   wherein     -   X₂ comprises the backbone carbonyl of Y351 of SEQ ID NO:1 and         wherein     -   X₃ comprises the backbone of I353 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein     -   X₄ comprises the amino group of K260 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein     -   R₁ comprises amino acid residues I327, F314, Y351, I353 and M363         of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein     -   R₂ comprises F350 of SEQ ID NO:1 and at least one amino acid         from the loop comprising amino acid residues T397 to E401 of SEQ         ID NO:1 and wherein     -   J₁ comprises S305 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein     -   J₂ comprises the backbone amide of F306 of SEQ ID NO:1 and         wherein     -   J₃ comprises the backbone carbonyl of F306 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a medicament comprising an inhibitor of Sortilin identified as described herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a the use of at least one ligand identified by the method described herein above, for the manufacture of a medicament, wherein said medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage of the nervous system in an individual.

In an important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (I):

-   -   wherein X is an atom acting as hydrogen donor said atom selected         from the group consisting of N, O, S, P and wherein     -   Y is an electronegative atom acting as hydrogen bond acceptor         selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, I, and         wherein     -   R₁ is C3-6 alkyl, C4-6 cyclyl, a heterocyclic or a         heteroaromatic structure having one ring, 4 to 6 ring members in         each and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or a heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 3         heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S(O)₀₋₂,         and wherein     -   R₂ is a hydrogen, a C1-12 alkyl or an aromatic, a carbocyclic, a         heterocyclic or a heteroaromatic structure having 1-3 rings, 3-8         ring members in each and 0 to 4 heteroatoms, or a heteroalkyl         comprising 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting         of N, O, S(O)₀₋₂, and wherein     -   R₃ is hydrogen, SH, imidazole, C1-12 alkyl or an aromatic, a         carbocyclic, a heterocyclic or a heteroaromatic structure having         1-3 rings, 3-8 ring members in each and 0 to 4 heteroatoms, or a         heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the         group consisting of N, O, S, and wherein     -   R₄ is selected from the functional groups C1-100 linear or         branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched         alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, haloalkane, chloroalkane, bromoalkane,         iodoalkane, haloformyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, carbonate         ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ether, ester, hydroperoxy, peroxy,         carboxamide, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine,         ammonium, primary ketimine, secondary ketimine, primary         aldimine, secondary aldimine, imide, azide, azo (diimide),         cyanate, isocyanide, isothiocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,         nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, priidyl, phosphino, phosphate,         phosphono, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfhydryl (SH), thiocyanate,         disulfide, a linker L2 or L3, and an amino acid sequence being         at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 or a fragment thereof.

In a further important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (II):

-   -   wherein Z is a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor selected from the         group consisting of carbonyl, hydroxyl, amino, imino, amide,         sulfhydryl, chloro, fluoro, and wherein     -   R₅ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH₃, and a linker         L2, and wherein     -   R₆ is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ and         —OCH₃, and wherein     -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of side chains of         glutamate, glutamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, tyrosine,         methionine, cysteine, aliphatic C4-6 groups, and wherein     -   R₈ is selected from the group consisting of side chains of         tyrosine, histidine, serine, threonine, aspartate, asparagine,         cysteine, phenylalanine, iodo-tyrosine and —CH₂—NH₂, and wherein     -   R₉ is selected from the group consisting of side chain of         lysine, arginine, glutamine, C3-8 aliphatic and heteroaliphatic         groups, carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups comprising 5 or 6         membered rings, and wherein     -   R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of a pyroglutamate,         poly-carbohydrates and a polypeptide of length greater than         equal to 10, and wherein     -   R₁₁ and R₁₂ individually are selected from the group consisting         of H, C1-12 linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched         alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, haloalkane,         chloroalkane, bromoalkane, iodoalkane, haloformyl, hydroxyl,         carbonyl, aldehyde, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl,         ether, ester, hydroperoxy, peroxy, carboxamide, primary amine,         secondary amine, tertiary amine, ammonium, primary ketimine,         secondary ketimine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine, imide,         azide, azo (diimide), cyanate, isocyanide, isothiocyanate,         nitrate, nitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, priidyl,         phosphino, phosphate, phosphono, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfhydryl         (SH), and wherein     -   the covalent bonds (1) and (2) individually are selected from         the group consisting of single bonds and double bonds.

In a very important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (III):

-   -   wherein R₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12         alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and a linker L3, and wherein     -   R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₇, R₁₉, R₂₀ individually are selected from the group         consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, and wherein     -   R₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of sidechains of         phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine,         histidine, cysteine, lysine and aliphatic C3-7, and wherein     -   R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH₃ and —CH₂OH,         and wherein the covalent bonds (1) and (2) individually are         selected from the group consisting of single bonds and double         bonds.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(chg) depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is QIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YCL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is dYIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YHL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(acc) depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(nMe)L depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a method of treatment of a pathological condition in a subject comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the medicament described herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of preventing apoptosis in a mammalian neuronal cell, said method comprising exposing said neuronal cell to the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of enhancing survival of a mammalian neuronal cell, said method comprising exposing said neuronal cell to the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of expanding a composition of mammalian cells, comprising administering to said composition the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of differentiating a composition of mammalian cells, comprising administering to said composition the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to an antibody capable of binding to binding site 1 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to an antibody capable of binding to binding site 2 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to an antibody capable of binding to binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to an immunoconjugate comprising an antibody as described herein above and a conjugate selected from the group consisting of: a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, or a radioactive isotope; a member of a specific binding pair, such as avidin or streptavidin or an antigen; an enzyme capable of producing a detectable product.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION ON THE INVENTION Definitions

Adjuvant: Any substance whose admixture with an administered immunogenic determinant/antigen increases or otherwise modifies the immune response to said determinant.

Affinity: The interaction of most ligands with their binding sites can be characterized in terms of a binding affinity. In general, high affinity ligand binding results from greater intermolecular force between the ligand and its receptor while low affinity ligand binding involves less intermolecular force between the ligand and its receptor. In general, high affinity binding involves a longer residence time for the ligand at its receptor binding site than is the case for low affinity binding. High affinity binding of ligands to receptors is often physiologically important when some of the binding energy can be used to cause a conformational change in the receptor, resulting in altered behavior of an associated ion channel or enzyme.

A ligand that can bind to a receptor, alter the function of the receptor and trigger a physiological response is called an agonist for that receptor. Agonist binding to a receptor can be characterized both in terms of how much physiological response can be triggered and the concentration of the agonist that is required to produce the physiological response. High affinity ligand binding implies that a relatively low concentration of a ligand is adequate to maximally occupy a ligand binding site and trigger a physiological response. Low affinity binding implies that a relatively high concentration of a ligand is required before the binding site is maximally occupied and the maximum physiological response to the ligand is achieved. Ligand binding is often characterized in terms of the concentration of ligand at which half of the receptor binding sites are occupied, known as the dissociation constant (k_(d)).

Alcohol: A class of organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups (OH). In this context a saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group sitting as a substituent on a larger molecule.

Alicyclic group: the term “alicyclic group” means a cyclic hydrocarbon group having properties resembling those of aliphatic groups.

Aliphatic group: in the context of the present invention, the term “aliphatic group” means a saturated or unsaturated linear or branched hydrocarbon group. This term is used to encompass alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, for example.

Alkyl group: the term “alkyl group” means a saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon group including, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, heptyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, amyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and the like.

Alkenyl group: the term “alkenyl group” means an unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, such as a vinyl group.

Alkynyl group: the term “alkynyl group” means an unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.

Amphiphil: substance containing both polar, water-soluble and nonpolar, water-insoluble groups.

Agonist: An agonist is a compound capable of increasing the activity of an effector such as a receptor. Specifically, a Sortilin agonist is a compound capable of binding to one or more of binding sites 1, 2 and 3 thereby inducing the same physiological response as a given endogenous agonist ligand compound.

Antagonist: An antagonist is a compound capable of decreasing the activity of an effector such as a receptor. Specifically, a Sortilin antagonist is a compound capable of binding to one or more of binding sites 1, 2 and 3 thereby inhibiting binding of another ligand thus inhibiting a physiological response.

Apoptosis: Apoptosis is a process of suicide by a cell in a multi-cellular organism. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death.

Apoptosis inhibitor: Any compound capable of decreasing the process of apoptosis.

Aromatic group: the term “aromatic group” or “aryl group” means a mono- or poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group.

Binding: The term “binding” or “associated with” refers to a condition of proximity between chemical entities or compounds, or portions thereof. The association may be non-covalent-wherein the juxtaposition is energetically favoured by hydrogen bonding or van der Waals or electrostatic interactions-or it may be covalent.

Binding site: The term “binding site” or “binding pocket”, as used herein, refers to a region of a molecule or molecular complex that, as a result of its shape, favourably associates with another molecule, molecular complex, chemical entity or compound. As used herein, the pocket comprises at least a deep cavity and, optionally a shallow cavity.

Binding site 1: A high affinity binding site of neurotensin or synonymously binding site 1 is a binding site of sortilin (SEQ ID NO. 1) having high affinity for neurotensin or a fragment or variant of neurotensin, and having affinity for the sortilin propeptide or a fragment thereof (Amino acid residues 34-77 of SEQ ID NO. 1) said binding site comprising amino acid residues R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306, T398 to G400, I303-G309, Q349-A356, Y395 and T402 of SEQ ID NO. 1. More preferably, binding site 1 comprises amino acids R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306 and T398 to G400 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Most preferably binding site 1 of sortilin comprises amino acids R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314 and F350 to M363 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Binding site 1 is a promiscuous binding site.

Binding site 2: A binding site of sortilin having low affinity for neurotensin or a fragment or variant of neurotensin, said binding site comprising amino acid residues L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586, W597, T168-I174, L572, A573 and S584 to F588 of SEQ ID NO. 1. More preferably the sortilin low affinity binding site of neurotensin comprises amino acids L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586 and W597 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Most preferably the sortilin low affinity binding site of neurotensin comprises amino acids L572, L114 and V112 of SEQ ID NO:1. Binding site 2 is promiscuous and may bind the propeptide of Sortilin (amino acid residues 34-77 of SEQ ID NO. 1).

Binding site 3: A promiscuous binding site of sortilin comprising amino acid residues D403, S420, D422, N423, S424, I425, E426, T451, Y466, E470, I498, S499 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1, more preferably comprising amino acid residues D403, N423, S424, I425, T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1, most preferably comprising amino acid residues T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

Bioreactive agent: The term “bioactive agent” as used herein refers to any a substance which may be used in connection with an application that is therapeutic or diagnostic, such as, for example, in methods for diagnosing the presence or absence of a disease in a patient and/or methods for the treatment of a disease in a patient. “Bioactive agent” refers to substances, which are capable of exerting a biological effect in vitro and/or in vivo. The bioactive agents may be neutral, positively or negatively charged. Suitable bioactive agents include, for example, prodrugs, diagnostic agents, therapeutic agents, pharmaceutical agents, drugs, oxygen delivery agents, blood substitutes, synthetic organic molecules, polypeptides, peptides, vitamins, steroids, steroid analogues and genetic determinants, including nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides.

Cerebral ischemia: Global cerebral ischemia is an ischemic condition where the brain does not receive enough blood flow to maintain normal neurological function.

Cationic group: A chemical group capable of functioning as a proton donor when a compound comprising the chemical group is dissolved in a solvent, preferably when dissolved in water.

Complex: As used herein the term “complex” refers to the combination of a molecule or a protein, conservative analogues or truncations thereof associated with a chemical entity.

Coordinate: The term “coordinate” as use herein, refers to the information of the three dimensional organization of the atoms contributing to a protein structure. The final map containing the atomic coordinates of the constituents of the crystal may be stored on a data carrier; typically the data is stored in PDB format or in mmCIF format, both of which are known to the person skilled in the art. However, crystal coordinates may as well be stored in simple tables or text formats. The PDB format is organized according to the instructions and guidelines given by the Research Col-laboratory for Structural Biology.

Crystal: The term “crystal” refers to an ordered state of matter. Proteins, by their nature are difficult to purify to homogeneity. Even highly purified proteins may be chronically heterogeneous due to modifications, the binding of ligands or a host of other effects. In addition, proteins are crystallized from generally complex solutions that may include not only the target molecule but also buffers, salts, precipitating agents, water and any number of small binding proteins. It is important to note that protein crystals are composed not only of protein, but also of a large percentage of solvents molecules, in particular water. These may vary from 30 to even 90%. Protein crystals may accumulate greater quantities and a diverse range of impurities which cannot be listed here or anticipated in detail. Frequently, heterogeneous masses serve as nucleation centers and the crystals simply grow around them. The skilled person knows that some crystals diffract better than others. Crystals vary in size from a barely observable 20 micron to 1 or more millimeters. Crystals useful for X-ray analysis are typically single, 0.05 mm or larger, and free of cracks and defects.

Cyclic group: the term “cyclic group” means a closed ring hydrocarbon group that is classified as an alicyclic group, aromatic group, or heterocyclic group.

Cycloalkenyl: means a monovalent unsaturated carbocyclic radical consisting of one, two or three rings, of three to eight carbons per ring, which can optionally be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, cyano, lower alkenyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, alkenylthio, halo, haloalkenyl, hydroxyalkenyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonenyl, amino, alkenylamino, alkenylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkenylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, alkenylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkenylcarbonylamino and arylcarbonylamino.

Cycloalkyl: means a monovalent saturated carbocyclic radical consisting of one, two or three rings, of three to eight carbons per ring, which can optionally be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, cyano, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino and arylcarbonylamino.

Dipole-dipole interaction: The term “dipole-dipole interaction” as used herein refers to the attraction which can occur among two or more polar molecules. Thus, “dipole-dipole interaction” refers to the attraction of the uncharged, partial positive end of a first polar molecule to the uncharged, partial negative end of a second polar molecule. “Dipole-dipole interaction” also refers to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Electrostatic interaction: The term “electrostatic interaction” as used herein refers to any interaction occurring between charged components, molecules or ions, due to attractive forces when components of opposite electric charge are attracted to each other. Examples include, but are not limited to: ionic interactions, covalent interactions, interactions between a ion and a dipole (ion and polar molecule), interactions between two dipoles (partial charges of polar molecules), hydrogen bonds and London dispersion bonds (induced dipoles of polarizable molecules). Thus, for example, “ionic interaction” or “electrostatic interaction” refers to the attraction between a first, positively charged molecule and a second, negatively charged molecule. Ionic or electrostatic interactions include, for example, the attraction between a negatively charged bioactive agent.

Form a ring: means that the atoms mentioned are connected through a bond when the ring structure is formed.

Fragments: The polypeptide fragments according to the present invention, including any functional equivalents thereof, may in one embodiment comprise less than 500 amino acid residues, such as less than 450 amino acid residues, for example less than 400 amino acid residues, such as less than 350 amino acid residues, for example less than 300 amino acid residues, for example less than 250 amino acid residues, such as less than 240 amino acid residues, for example less than 225 amino acid residues, such as less than 200 amino acid residues, for example less than 180 amino acid residues, such as less than 160 amino acid residues, for example less than 150 amino acid residues, such as less than 140 amino acid residues, for example less than 130 amino acid residues, such as less than 120 amino acid residues, for example less than 110 amino acid residues, such as less than 100 amino acid residues, for example less than 90 amino acid residues, such as less than 85 amino acid residues, for example less than 80 amino acid residues, such as less than 75 amino acid residues, for example less than 70 amino acid residues, such as less than 65 amino acid residues, for example less than 60 amino acid residues, such as less than 55 amino acid residues, for example less than 50 amino acid residues. Fragments of neurotensin include but is not limited to the C-terminal amino acids of neurotensin PYIL (SEQ ID NO:11) and YIL (residues 11-13 of SEQ ID NO:10).

Group: (Moiety/substitution) as is well understood in this technical area, a large degree of substitution is not only tolerated, but is often advisable. Substitution is anticipated on the materials of the present invention. As a means of simplifying the discussion and recitation of certain terminology used throughout this application, the terms “group” and “moiety” are used to differentiate between chemical species that allow for substitution or that may be substituted and those that do not allow or may not be so substituted. Thus, when the term “group” is used to describe a chemical substituent, the described chemical material includes the unsubstituted group and that group with O, N, or S atoms, for example, in the chain as well as carbonyl groups or other conventional substitution. Where the term “moiety” is used to describe a chemical compound or substituent, only an unsubstituted chemical material is intended to be included. For example, the phrase “alkyl group” is intended to include not only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl substituents, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and the like, but also alkyl substituents bearing further substituents known in the art, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino, carboxyl, etc. Thus, “alkyl group” includes ether groups, haloalkyls, nitroalkyls, carboxyalkyls, hydroxyalkyls, sulfoalkyls, etc. On the other hand, the phrase “alkyl moiety” is limited to the inclusion of only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl substituents, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and the like. The same definitions apply to “alkenyl group” and “alkenyl moiety”; to “alkynyl group” and “alkynyl moiety”; to “cyclic group” and “cyclic moiety; to “alicyclic group” and “alicyclic moiety”; to “aromatic group” or “aryl group” and to “aromatic moiety” or “aryl moiety”; as well as to “heterocyclic group” and “heterocyclic moiety”.

Heterocyclic group: the term “heterocyclic group” means a closed ring hydrocarbon in which one or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, etc.). Heterocyclyl means a monovalent saturated cyclic radical, consisting of one to two rings, of three to eight atoms per ring, incorporating one or two ring heteroatoms (chosen from N, O or S(O)₀₋₂, and which can optionally be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, oxo, cyano, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, alkylaminofarbonyl, aryl-aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, or arylcarbonylamino.

Heteroaryl means a monovalent aromatic cyclic radical having one to three rings, of four to eight atoms per ring, incorporating one or two heteroatoms (chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur) within the ring which can optionally be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, cyano, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, alkylthio, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, amino, alkylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonlamino and arylcarbonylamino.

Homology: The homology between amino acid sequences may be calculated using well known scoring matrices such as any one of BLOSUM 30, BLOSUM 40, BLOSUM 45, BLOSUM 50, BLOSUM 55, BLOSUM 60, BLOSUM 62, BLOSUM 65, BLOSUM 70, BLOSUM 75, BLOSUM 80, BLOSUM 85, and BLOSUM 90.

Fragments sharing homology with fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 to 13, respectively, are to be considered as falling within the scope of the present invention when they are preferably at least about 60 percent homologous, for example at least 65 percent homologous, for example at least 70 percent homologous, for example at least 75 percent homologous, for example at least 80 percent homologous, for example at least 85 percent homologous, for example at least 90 percent homologous, for example at least 92 percent homologous, such as at least 94 percent homologous, for example at least 95 percent homologous, such as at least 96 percent homologous, for example at least 97 percent homologous, such as at least 98 percent homologous, for example at least 99 percent homologous with said predetermined fragment sequences, respectively. According to one embodiment of the invention, the homology percentages refer to identity percentages.

A further suitably adaptable method for determining structure and function relationships of peptide fragments is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,478, which is herein incorporated by reference. Also, methods of assaying the binding of an amino acid sequence to a receptor moiety are known to the skilled artisan.

In addition to conservative substitutions introduced into any position of a preferred predetermined proneurotrophin activity modulator, or a fragment thereof, it may also be desirable to introduce non-conservative substitutions in any one or more positions of such a proneurotrophin activity modulator.

A non-conservative substitution leading to the formation of a functionally equivalent fragment of proneurotrophin activity modulator would for example i) differ substantially in polarity, for example a residue with a non-polar side chain (Ala, Leu, Pro, Trp, Val, Ile, Leu, Phe or Met) substituted for a residue with a polar side chain such as Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, or Gln or a charged amino acid such as Asp, Glu, Arg, or Lys, or substituting a charged or a polar residue for a non-polar one; and/or ii) differ substantially in its effect on polypeptide backbone orientation such as substitution of or for Pro or Gly by another residue; and/or iii) differ substantially in electric charge, for example substitution of a negatively charged residue such as Glu or Asp for a positively charged residue such as Lys, His or Arg (and vice versa); and/or iv) differ substantially in steric bulk, for example substitution of a bulky residue such as His, Trp, Phe or Tyr for one having a minor side chain, e.g. Ala, Gly or Ser (and vice versa).

Variants obtained by substitution of amino acids may in one preferred embodiment be made based upon the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity values and the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, including charge, size, and the like. Exemplary amino acid substitutions which take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine and isoleucine.

In addition to the variants described herein, sterically similar variants may be formulated to mimic the key portions of the variant structure and that such compounds may also be used in the same manner as the variants of the invention. This may be achieved by techniques of modelling and chemical designing known to those of skill in the art. It will be understood that all such sterically similar constructs fall within the scope of the present invention.

In a further embodiment the present invention relates to functional variants comprising substituted amino acids having hydrophilic values or hydropathic indices that are within +/−4.9, for example within +/−4.7, such as within +/−4.5, for example within +/−4.3, such as within +/−4.1, for example within +/−3.9, such as within +/−3.7, for example within +/−3.5, such as within +/−3.3, for example within +/−3.1, such as within +/−2.9, for example within +/−2.7, such as within +/−2.5, for example within +/−2.3, such as within +/−2.1, for example within +/−2.0, such as within +/−1.8, for example within +/−1.6, such as within +/−1.5, for example within +/−1.4, such as within +/−1.3 for example within +/−1.2, such as within +/−1.1, for example within +/−1.0, such as within +/−0.9, for example within +/−0.8, such as within +/−0.7, for example within +/−0.6, such as within +/−0.5, for example within +/−0.4, such as within +/−0.3, for example within +/−0.25, such as within +/−0.2 of the value of the amino acid it has substituted.

The importance of the hydrophilic and hydropathic amino acid indices in conferring interactive biologic function on a protein is well understood in the art (Kyte & Doolittle, 1982 and Hopp, U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, each incorporated herein by reference).

The amino acid hydropathic index values as used herein are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (−0.4); threonine (−0.7); serine (−0.8); tryptophan (−0.9); tyrosine (−1.3); proline (−1.6); histidine (−3.2); glutamate (−3.5); glutamine (−3.5); aspartate (−3.5); asparagine (−3.5); lysine (−3.9); and arginine (−4.5) (Kyte & Doolittle, 1982).

The amino acid hydrophilicity values are: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0.+−0.1); glutamate (+3.0.+−0.1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamine (+0.2); glycine (0); threonine (−0.4); proline (−0.5.+−0.1); alanine (−0.5); histidine (−0.5); cysteine (−1.0); methionine (−1.3); valine (−1.5); leucine (−1.8); isoleucine (−1.8); tyrosine (−2.3); phenylalanine (−2.5); tryptophan (−3.4) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101).

In addition to the peptidyl compounds described herein, sterically similar compounds may be formulated to mimic the key portions of the peptide structure and that such compounds may also be used in the same manner as the peptides of the invention. This may be achieved by techniques of modelling and chemical designing known to those of skill in the art. For example, esterification and other alkylations may be employed to modify the amino terminus of, e.g., a di-arginine peptide backbone, to mimic a tetra peptide structure. It will be understood that all such sterically similar constructs fall within the scope of the present invention.

Peptides with N-terminal alkylations and C-terminal esterifications are also encompassed within the present invention. Functional equivalents also comprise glycosylated and covalent or aggregative conjugates formed with the same or other pro-neurotrophin activity modulator fragments and/or proneurotrophin activity modulator molecules, including dimers or unrelated chemical moieties. Such functional equivalents are prepared by linkage of functionalities to groups which are found in fragment including at any one or both of the N- and C-termini, by means known in the art.

Functional equivalents may thus comprise fragments conjugated to aliphatic or acyl esters or amides of the carboxyl terminus, alkylamines or residues containing carboxyl side chains, e.g., conjugates to alkylamines at aspartic acid residues; O-acyl derivatives of hydroxyl group-containing residues and N-acyl derivatives of the amino terminal amino acid or amino-group containing residues, e.g. conjugates with fMet-Leu-Phe or immunogenic proteins. Derivatives of the acyl groups are selected from the group of alkyl-moieties (including C3 to C10 normal alkyl), thereby forming alkanoyl species, and carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds, thereby forming aroyl species. The reactive groups preferably are difunctional compounds known per se for use in cross-linking proteins to insoluble matrices through reactive side groups.

Covalent or aggregative functional equivalents and derivatives thereof are useful as reagents in immunoassays or for affinity purification procedures. For example, a fragment of proneurotrophin activity modulator according to the present invention may be insolubilized by covalent bonding to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose by methods known per se or adsorbed to polyolefin surfaces, either with or without glutaraldehyde cross-linking, for use in an assay or purification of anti-neurotrophin activity modulator antibodies or cell surface receptors. Fragments may also be labelled with a detectable group, e.g., radioiodinated by the chloramine T procedure, covalently bound to rare earth chelates or conjugated to another fluorescent moiety for use in e.g. diagnostic assays.

Mutagenesis of a preferred predetermined fragment of proneurotrophin activity modulator can be conducted by making amino acid insertions, usually on the order of about from 1 to 10 amino acid residues, preferably from about 1 to 5 amino acid residues, or deletions of from about from 1 to 10 residues, such as from about 2 to 5 residues.

In one embodiment the ligand of binding site 1, 2 or 3 is an oligopeptide synthesised by automated synthesis. Any of the commercially available solid-phase techniques may be employed, such as the Merrifield solid phase synthesis method, in which amino acids are sequentially added to a growing amino acid chain (see Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2146, 1963).

Equipment for automated synthesis of polypeptides is commercially available from suppliers such as Applied Biosystems, Inc. of Foster City, Calif., and may generally be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Solid phase synthesis will enable the incorporation of desirable amino acid substitutions into any fragment of proneurotrophin activity modulator according to the present invention. It will be understood that substitutions, deletions, insertions or any subcombination thereof may be combined to arrive at a final sequence of a functional equivalent. Insertions shall be understood to include amino-terminal and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions, e.g. with a hydrophobic or immunogenic protein or a carrier such as any polypeptide or scaffold structure capable as serving as a carrier.

Oligomers including dimers including homodimers and heterodimers of fragments of sortilin inhibitors according to the invention are also provided and fall under the scope of the invention. Proneurotrophin activity modulator functional equivalents and variants can be produced as homodimers or heterodimers with other amino acid sequences or with native sortilin inhibitor sequences. Heterodimers include dimers containing immunoreactive sortilin inhibiting fragments as well as sortilin inhibiting fragments that need not have or exert any biological activity.

Sortilin inhibiting peptide fragments may be synthesised both in vitro and in vivo. Method for in vitro synthesis are well known, and methods being suitable or suitably adaptable to the synthesis in vivo of sortilin inhibitors are also described in the prior art. When synthesized in vivo, a host cell is transformed with vectors containing DNA encoding a sortilin peptide inhibitor or a fragment thereof. A vector is defined as a replicable nucleic acid construct. Vectors are used to mediate expression of proneurotrophin activity modulator. An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a nucleic acid sequence encoding the predetermined sortilin inhibiting fragment, or any functional equivalent thereof that can be expressed in vivo, is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression of the fragment or equivalent in a suitable host. Such control sequences are well known in the art. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells may be used for synthesising ligands.

Cultures of cells derived from multicellular organisms however represent preferred host cells. In principle, any higher eukaryotic cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or invertebrate culture. Examples of useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and W138, BHK, COS-7, 293 and MDCK cell lines. Preferred host cells are eukaryotic cells known to synthesize endogenous sortilin inhibitors. Cultures of such host cells may be isolated and used as a source of the fragment, or used in therapeutic methods of treatment, including therapeutic methods aimed at promoting or inhibiting a growth state, or diagnostic methods carried out on the human or animal body.

Hydrophobic bond: The term “hydrogen bond” as used herein refers to an attractive force, or bridge, which may occur between a hydrogen atom which is bonded covalently to an electronegative atom, for example, oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen, and another electronegative atom. The hydrogen bond may occur between a hydrogen atom in a first molecule and an electronegative atom in a second molecule (intermolecular hydrogen bonding). Also, the hydrogen bond may occur between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom which are both contained in a single molecule (intramolecular hydrogen bonding).

Hydrophobic interaction: The term “hydrophobic interaction” as used herein refers to any interaction occurring between essentially non-polar (hydrophobic) components located within attraction range of one another in a polar environment (e.g. water). As used herein, attraction range is on the scale of from 0.1 up to 2 nm. A particular type of hydrophobic interaction is exerted by “Van der Waal's forces”, i.e. the attractive forces between non-polar molecules that are accounted for by quantum mechanics. Van der Waal's forces are generally associated with momentary dipole moments which are induced by neighbouring molecules and which involve changes in electron distribution.

Inhibiting: The term inhibiting as used herein refers to the prevention of binding between two or more components. Ligands identified by the present invention are capable of inhibiting binding between a Vps10p-domain receptor and a pro-neurotrophin.

Inhibiting binding: The term inhibiting binding between a proneurotrophin and sortilin as used herein refer to a method of providing a ligand identified by the present invention said ligand being capable of preventing the binding of a proneurotrophin to binding site 3 of sortilin thus preventing formation of a ternary complex between sortilin, proNGF and p75^(NTR) or any fragment or variant thereof. The term inhibiting binding may also refer to inhibiting binding of neurotensin and/or Sortilin propeptide to binding site 1 or 2 of the Vps10p-domain receptor Sortilin.

In vitro/in vivo: the terms are used in their normal meaning.

In silico: a method of performing an in vitro or in vivo operation by computer simulation.

Ischemia: Restriction in blood supply with resultant dysfunction or damage of tissue.

Ischemic tissue damage: Tissue damage due to ischemia.

Ligand: a substance or compound that is able to bind to and form a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule binding to a site on a target protein, by intermolecular forces such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation). Actual irreversible covalent binding between a ligand and its target molecule is rare in biological systems. As opposed to the meaning in metalorganic and inorganic chemistry, it is irrelevant, whether or not the ligand actually binds at a metal site, as it is the case in hemoglobin. Ligand binding to receptors may alter the chemical conformation, i.e. the three dimensional shape of the receptor protein. The conformational state of a receptor protein determines the functional state of a receptor. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity. Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. Radioligands are radioisotope labeled compounds and used in vivo as tracers in PET studies and for in vitro binding studies.

Moieties of a particular compound cover group(s) or part(s) of said particular compound.

Pharmaceutical agent: The terms “pharmaceutical agent” or “drug” or “medicament” refer to any therapeutic or prophylactic agent which may be used in the treatment (including the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, or cure) of a malady, affliction, condition, disease or injury in a patient. Therapeutically useful genetic determinants, peptides, polypeptides and polynucleotides may be included within the meaning of the term pharmaceutical or drug. As defined herein, a “therapeutic agent,” “pharmaceutical agent” or “drug” or “medicament” is a type of bioactive agent.

Pharmaceutical composition: or drug, medicament or agent refers to any chemical or biological material, compound, or composition capable of inducing a desired therapeutic effect when properly administered to a patient. Some drugs are sold in an inactive form that is converted in vivo into a metabolite with pharmaceutical activity. For purposes of the present invention, the terms “pharmaceutical composition” and “medicament” encompass both the inactive drug and the active metabolite.

Polypeptide: The term “polypeptide” as used herein refers to a molecule comprising at least two amino acids. The amino acids may be natural or synthetic. “Oligopeptides” are defined herein as being polypeptides of length not more than 100 amino acids. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to include proteins, i.e. functional biomolecules comprising at least one polypeptide; when comprising at least two polypeptides, these may form complexes, be covalently linked or may be non-covalently linked. The polypeptides in a protein can be glycosylated and/or lipidated and/or comprise prosthetic groups.

Polynucleotide: “Polynucleotide” as used herein refers to a molecule comprising at least two nucleic acids. The nucleic acids may be naturally occurring or modified, such as locked nucleic acids (LNA), or peptide nucleic acids (PNA). Polynucleotide as used herein generally pertains to

-   -   i) a polynucleotide comprising a predetermined coding sequence,         or     -   ii) a polynucleotide encoding a predetermined amino acid         sequence, or     -   iii) a polynucleotide encoding a fragment of a polypeptide         encoded by polynucleotides (i) or (ii), wherein said fragment         has at least one predetermined activity as specified herein; and     -   iv) a polynucleotide the complementary strand of which         hybridizes under stringent conditions with a polynucleotide as         defined in any one of (i), (ii) and (iii), and encodes a         polypeptide, or a fragment thereof, having at least one         predetermined activity as specified herein; and     -   v) a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence which is         degenerate to the nucleotide sequence of polynucleotides (iii)         or (iv);     -   or the complementary strand of such a polynucleotide.

Purified antibody: The term a “purified antibody” is an antibody at least 60 weight percent of which is free from the polypeptides and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation comprises antibody in an amount of at least 75 weight percent, more preferably at least 90 weight percent, and most preferably at least 99 weight percent.

Root mean square deviation: The term “root mean square deviation” (rmsd) is used as a mean of comparing two closely related structures and relates to a deviation in the distance between related atoms of the two structures after structurally minimizing this distance in an alignment. Related proteins with closely related structures will be characterized by relatively low RMSD values whereas larger differences will result in an increase of the RMSD value.

Sequence identity: Sequence identity is determined in one embodiment by utilising fragments of proneurotrophin activity modulator peptides comprising at least 25 contiguous amino acids and having an amino acid sequence which is at least 80%, such as 85%, for example 90%, for example 91%, such as 92%, e.g. 93%, for example 94%, such as 95%, for example 96%, such as 97%, for example 98%, such as 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO:9 and SEQ ID NO:10 respectively, or a fragment of any of said SEQ ID NOs. wherein the percent identity is determined with the algorithm GAP, BESTFIT, or FASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, using default gap weights.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides: “predetermined sequence”, “comparison window”, “sequence identity”, “percentage of sequence identity”, and “substantial identity”.

A “predetermined sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison; a predetermined sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, as a segment of a full-length DNA or gene sequence given in a sequence listing, such as a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or may comprise a complete DNA or gene sequence. Generally, a predetermined sequence is at least 20 nucleotides in length, frequently at least 25 nucleotides in length, and often at least 50 nucleotides in length.

Since two polynucleotides may each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides, and (2) may further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity. A “comparison window”, as used herein, refers to a conceptual segment of at least 20 contiguous nucleotide positions wherein a polynucleotide sequence may be compared to a predetermined sequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the predetermined sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85: 2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by inspection, and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of homology over the comparison window) generated by the various methods is selected.

The term “sequence identity” means that two polynucleotide sequences are identical (i.e., on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis) over the window of comparison. The term “percentage of sequence identity” is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. The terms “substantial identity” as used herein denotes a characteristic of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 85 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a predetermined sequence over a comparison window of at least 20 nucleotide positions, frequently over a window of at least 25-50 nucleotides, wherein the percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing the predetermined sequence to the polynucleotide sequence which may include deletions or additions which total 20 percent or less of the predetermined sequence over the window of comparison. The predetermined sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, as a segment of the full-length SEQ ID NO:1 polynucleotide sequence illustrated herein.

As applied to polypeptides, a degree of identity of amino acid sequences is a function of the number of identical amino acids at positions shared by the amino acid sequences. A degree of homology or similarity of amino acid sequences is a function of the number of amino acids, i.e. structurally related, at positions shared by the amino acid sequences.

An “unrelated” or “non-homologous” sequence shares less than 40% identity, though preferably less than 25% identity, with one of the proneurotrophin activity modulator polypeptide sequences of the present invention. The term “substantial identity” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 80 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 percent sequence identity, more preferably at least 95 percent sequence identity or more (e.g., 99 percent sequence identity). Preferably, residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.

Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine, a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine.

Additionally, variants are also determined based on a predetermined number of conservative amino acid substitutions as defined herein below. Conservative amino acid substitution as used herein relates to the substitution of one amino acid (within a predetermined group of amino acids) for another amino acid (within the same group), wherein the amino acids exhibit similar or substantially similar characteristics.

Within the meaning of the term “conservative amino acid substitution” as applied herein, one amino acid may be substituted for another within the groups of amino acids indicated herein below:

-   i) Amino acids having polar side chains (Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His,     Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Cys,) -   ii) Amino acids having non-polar side chains (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu,     Ile, Phe, Trp, Pro, and Met) -   iii) Amino acids having aliphatic side chains (Gly, Ala Val, Leu,     Ile) -   iv) Amino acids having cyclic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Pro) -   v) Amino acids having aromatic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp) -   vi) Amino acids having acidic side chains (Asp, Glu) -   vii) Amino acids having basic side chains (Lys, Arg, His) -   viii) Amino acids having amide side chains (Asn, Gln) -   ix) Amino acids having hydroxy side chains (Ser, Thr) -   x) Amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains (Cys, Met), -   xi) Neutral, weakly hydrophobic amino acids (Pro, Ala, Gly, Ser,     Thr) -   xii) Hydrophilic, acidic amino acids (Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp), and -   xiii) Hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Ile, Val)

Accordingly, a variant or a fragment thereof according to the invention may comprise, within the same variant of the sequence or fragments thereof, or among different variants of the sequence or fragments thereof, at least one substitution, such as a plurality of substitutions introduced independently of one another.

It is clear from the above outline that the same variant or fragment thereof may comprise more than one conservative amino acid substitution from more than one group of conservative amino acids as defined herein above.

The addition or deletion of at least one amino acid may be an addition or deletion of from preferably 2 to 250 amino acids, such as from 10 to 20 amino acids, for example from 20 to 30 amino acids, such as from 40 to 50 amino acids. However, additions or deletions of more than 50 amino acids, such as additions from 50 to 100 amino acids, addition of 100 to 150 amino acids, addition of 150-250 amino acids, are also comprised within the present invention. The deletion and/or the addition may—independently of one another—be a deletion and/or an addition within a sequence and/or at the end of a sequence.

Substituted lower alkyl means a lower alkyl having one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, carboxyl, acyl, halogen, cyano, nitro and thiol.

Treatment: The term “treatment” as used herein refers to a method involving therapy including surgery of a clinical condition in an individual including a human or animal body. The therapy may be ameliorating, curative or prophylactic, i.e. reducing the risk of acquiring a disease.

Variants: The term “variants” as used herein refers to amino acid sequence variants said variants preferably having at least 60% identity, for example at least 63% identity, such as at least 66% identity, for example at least 70% sequence identity, for example at least 72% sequence identity, for example at least 75% sequence identity, for example at least 80% sequence identity, such as at least 85% sequence identity, for example at least 90% sequence identity, such as at least 91% sequence identity, for example at least 91% sequence identity, such as at least 92% sequence identity, for example at least 93% sequence identity, such as at least 94% sequence identity, for example at least 95% sequence identity, such as at least 96% sequence identity, for example at least 97% sequence identity, such as at least 98% sequence identity, for example 99% sequence identity with any of the predetermined sequences. Examples of variants and fragments of neurotensin are listed in FIG. 26 and include but are not limited to RRPYI(chg) (SEQ ID NO:32), iodoYIL, QIL, YCL, dYIL, YHL, RRPYI(acc) (SEQ ID NO:32), RRPYI(nMe)L (SEQ ID NO:31), YIL. In one embodiment of the invention, the ligand is not NT69L (SEQ ID NO:12), NT8-13 (SEQ ID NO:31) or native Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10).

Up-regulation of expression: a process leading to increased expression of genes, preferably of endogenous genes.

Sortilin Crystal

To clarify the structural organization and ligand binding of the Vps10p-domain and of human Sortilin in particular, the present inventors have determined the crystal structures of sSortilin in complex with NT and with residues 4-29 of its own propeptide (at resolutions of 2.0 and 3.2 Å respectively). Data on the sSortilin:NT complex was obtained from crystals grown with a slight (molar ratio 1:1.5) as well as with a large (molar ratio 1:15) excess of NT. (See Example 5) The inventors have furthermore determined the structure of sSortilin in complex with the pro-domain of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF).

Accordingly, in one embodiment the present invention relates to a crystal comprising

-   -   a) a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. 1; and/or     -   b) a sequence variant of said polypeptide wherein the variant         has at least 60% sequence identity to said SEQ ID NO. 1; and/or     -   c) a fragment comprising at least 200 contiguous amino acids of         any of a) through b), wherein the fragment exhibits sortilin         activity, and     -   d) optionally any of a) through c) in complex with at least one         ligand.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 50% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 60% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 63% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 65% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 91% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 92% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 93% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 94% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a sequence variant of SEQ ID NO. 1 wherein the variant has at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO. 1.

In one embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 50 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 100 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 200 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 300 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 400 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 500 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 600 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the crystal of the present comprises a fragment comprising at least 700 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 1 (high affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306 and T398 to G400 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 1 (high affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314 and F350 to M363 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a highly preferred embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 1 (high affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314 and F350 to M363 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In another embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 2 (low affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586, W597, T168-I174, L572, A573 and S584 to F588 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 2 (low affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586 and W597 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a preferred embodiment the at least one ligand of the present invention is bound to binding site 2 (low affinity neurotensin binding site and sortilin propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues L572, L114 and V112 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 3 (neurotrophin-propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues D403, S420, D422, N423, S424, I425, E426, T451, Y466, E470, I498, S499 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1. As binding site 3 bind the pro-domain of neurotrophins, said binding site 3 may also bind the entire pro-neurotrophin. Accordingly binding site 3 may be referred to as pro-neurotrophin binding site or neurotrophin prodomain binding site or a synonymous expression of identical biochemical meaning.

In a more preferred embodiment the at least one ligand of the present invention is bound to binding site 3 (neurotrophin-propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues D403, N423, S424, I425, T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1

In a highly preferred embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand is bound to binding site 3 (neurotrophin-propeptide binding site) comprising amino acid residues T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In another embodiment of the present invention binding site 3 (the pro-neurotrophin binding site) is a proNGF binding site.

In another embodiment of the present invention binding site 3 (the pro-neurotrophin binding site) is a proBDNF binding site.

In another embodiment of the present invention binding site 3 (the pro-neurotrophin binding site) is a proNT3 binding site.

In another embodiment of the present invention binding site 3 (the pro-neurotrophin binding site) is a proNT4/5 binding site.

The crystal according to claim 1 wherein the polypeptide comprises amino acid residue no. 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In another embodiment the crystal defined herein above is of a monoclinic space group.

In one embodiment the crystal of the monoclinic space group belong to space group C2.

In another embodiment the crystal defined herein above is of an orthorhombic space group.

In one embodiment the crystal of the orthorhombic space group is P2₁2₁2₁.

In another embodiment the crystal defined herein above is of a triclinic space group.

In one embodiment the crystal of the triclinic space group belong to space group P1.

In another embodiment of the present invention the crystal as defined herein above comprises a polypeptide variant comprising amino acid residues 78 to 755 (sSortilin) of SEQ ID NO. 1, or a fragment or variant thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention the crystal as defined herein above comprises a sortilin polypeptide wherein one or more or all methionine(s) have been replaced by Se-methionine (seleno-methionine).

In another embodiment of the present invention the crystal as defined herein above comprises a polypeptide ligand selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 19 to 241 of SEQ ID NO 6 (proNGF), amino acid residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6 (NGF pro domain), amino acid residues 19 to 246 of SEQ ID NO 7 (proBDNF), amino acid residues 19 to 127 of SEQ ID NO 7 (BDNF pro domain), amino acid residues 17 to 257 of SEQ ID NO 8 (proNT3), amino acid residues 17 to 140 of SEQ ID NO 8 (NT3 pro domain), amino acid residues 25 to 210 of SEQ ID NO 9 (proNT4/5), amino acid residues 25 to 80 of SEQ ID NO 9 (NT4/5 pro domain), SEQ ID NO. 10 (Neurotensin), SEQ ID NO. 11 (PYIL), amino acid residues 11 to 13 of SEQ ID NO. 10 (YIL) or a fragment or variant thereof.

Method of Growing a Sortilin Crystal

In a further aspect, the present invention furthermore relates to a method of growing a sortilin crystal comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. obtaining a composition comprising 4.5 to 5.5 mg/mL of a         polypeptide of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1) or a fragment or variant         thereof, in a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9 and 150 mM         NaCl,     -   b. mixing said composition with Neurotensin (NT; SEQ ID NO:10)         at a molar ratio of:         -   vii. 1:1.5 to 1:15 (sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33):NT (SEQ ID             NO:10) or,         -   viii. 1:4 (sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33):propeptide (SEQ ID             NO:49),     -   c. subjecting equal volumes of said composition and a         crystallization solution respectively, said crystallization         solution containing         -   ix. 18-21% w/v PEG 6000, and         -   x. 0-15% Glycerol, and         -   xi. Tris-HEPES pH 7.2-7.8 (40-93 mM Tris and 100 mM HEPES)             or 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 3-6% glycerol and         -   xii. 300-900 mM NaCl or 150-400 mM C₃H₂Na₂O₄ wherein said             C₃H₂Na₂O₄ is adjusted to pH 6-7.5 by malonic acid, or             300-500 mM LiSO₄ or 500-700 mM KCl and,     -   d. obtaining crystals comprising SEQ ID NO. 1 or a fragment or         variant thereof.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the cysteine residues of SEQ ID NO. 1 are replaced by seleno-methionine.

In another embodiment of the present invention the method of obtaining crystals as defined herein above further comprises the steps of:

-   -   a. isolating an initial precipitate and     -   b. growing these by vapour diffusion from hanging drops.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention the crystal as defined herein above further comprises a ligand bound to Sortilin for determination of the three dimensional structure of Sortilin or a fragment or variant thereof in complex with said ligand.

Sortilin Structure

The inventors have found that residues 78-609 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO. 1) constitute the first example of a 10-bladed β-propeller. Long extensions are found both between the four-stranded up-and-down blades and between individual β-strands of the blades (FIG. 1A). The smaller 10 cysteine containing C-terminal part (10 CC), residues 610-758, presents itself as two similar structural domains with an overall shape and architecture reminiscent of the cysteine-rich domains found in p75^(NTR) (18) (FIG. 1B). The interface between the two 10 CC domains and the propeller domain comprises extensive hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and covers approximately 180° of one face of the propeller.

Overall the propeller domain is oval-shaped and forms a wide slightly conical tunnel narrowing towards the side of the 10 CC-interacting face. In the equatorial plane the cross section of the tunnel is approximately 25 by 40 Å (FIG. 1C+D). Access to the tunnel from the narrow 10 CC-interacting side is furthermore partially blocked by an Asn406-linked glycosylation located on the inner rim at the end of strand one of blade 7 (FIG. 1C+D). Two more glycosylations are found at Asn162 and Asn582, both on the outer rim and both on the 10 CC interacting side of the propeller.

Notably, two protruding hydrophobic loops connecting strand two and three of blades 1 and 10 emerge from the opposite face (FIG. 1B), suggesting that this face, and the loops in particular, might mediate contact with the cell membrane or serve in interactions with other proteins.

In both structures of sSortilin in complex with NT, the inventors have found that the four C-terminal residues (Pro10-Tyr11-Ile12-Leu13) of NT (residues 10-13 of SEQ ID NO:10) form a short β-strand to strand one of blade 6 (referred to herein as the high affinity NT binding site). The hydroxyl group of Tyr11 forms a hydrogen bond to Lys260 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1), and the C-terminal leucine fits into a hydrophobic pocket formed by Phe314, Ile327 and Ile353 of SEQ ID NO:1. However, the major contribution to binding is clearly the C-terminal carboxylate of NT, which forms a salt bridge with the guanidinium group of Arg325 of SEQ ID NO:1 and hydrogen bonds to the side chain of Ser316 and the main chain amide of Tyr351 of SEQ ID NO:1 (FIG. 2B).

In the structure determined with a large excess of NT two additional binding sites are found. Binding site 2 (FIG. 2A) is found at the inner rim of the propeller. Here the N-terminal half of Neurotensin (residues 2-6 of SEQ ID NO:10) is modelled as a short β-strand interacting with the first strand of blade 1. No specific side chain interactions with the receptor are observed in this site (FIG. 2B). The distance from Cα of Lys6 to Cα of Pro10 is 17.7 Å and no electron density is present in the intervening region. Hence, the inventors conclude that at high concentration of NT two molecules are bound inside the propeller.

The results presented above indicate that Sortilin has a high affinity binding site for the C-terminus of NT, and a secondary low affinity subsite engaging the N-terminal part of the peptide. Accordingly, the inventors examined the ability of NT-derived fragments to inhibit Sortilins binding of its own propeptide (Sort-pro). It has previously been shown (5) that the binding of Sort-pro is completely abolished in the presence of 5 fold excess of NT and the C-terminal peptide Arg9-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu13 (residues 9-13 of SEQ ID NO:10) is equally effective (FIG. 3A). In contrast, the present inventors have found that both the N-terminal peptide NT(1-8) (residues 1-8 of SEQ ID NO:10) and Arg8-Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu13-NH2 (residues 8-13 of SEQ ID NO:10) i.e. with the terminal carboxylate replaced by amide, fails to inhibit (FIG. 3A+B), whereas the C-terminal tripeptide Tyr11-Ile-Leu13 of SEQ ID NO:10 proves sufficient for full inhibition of Sort-pro binding (FIG. 3B). Tyr11-Ile-Leu13 of SEQ ID NO:10 also hampers binding of the prodomain of NGF (FIG. 3C) and RAP (FIG. 3D) although not as efficiently as full length NT. The latter indicates that proNGF and RAP could be subjects to sterical hindrance and have different or more extended binding sites than Tyr11-Ile-Leu13 of SEQ ID NO:10.

Neurotensin and Sort-pro (residues 34-77 of SEQ ID NO:1) have no sequence similarity. Yet, the structure of sSortilin in complex with a fragment of Sort-pro (residues 4-29; corresponding to residues 37-62 of SEQ ID NO:1) shows both binding sites inside the propeller to be occupied (FIGS. 2C-E). The density for the peptide is strong but not sufficiently defined to allow modelling of the peptide. However, an overlay with the sSortilin:NT structure clearly shows that the Sort-pro density overlaps with that of the C- and N-terminal parts of NT (FIG. 2C+D) and fills the cavity in between (FIG. 2E). Since the propeptide does not contain a Tyr-Ile-Leu motif and its binding does not depend on a free C-terminus (8), it could be speculated that an intrinsic acidic residue in Sort-pro or other ligands, e.g. proNGF, may assume a role in binding similar to that of the C-terminal Leu-carboxylate of NT.

To investigate this, the inventors generated sSortilin-mutant constructs in which either Ser316 or Arg325 of Sortilin (SEQ ID NO:1) were exchanged for Glu and Ala respectively. The S316E mutant was subsequently expressed and purified, whereas the R325A mutant proved unstable and disintegrated during the purification procedure. Interestingly both mutants were seriously delayed in secretion (FIG. 4A), an effect also observed for Sortilin expressed without the propeptide (8). The S316E displayed no binding of Sort-pro but did bind the NGF-prodomain and BDNF with affinities similar to that of wtSortilin. As expected the presence of NT had no effect on binding of the NGF-prodomain to the S316E mutant. These results strongly support the finding that Sort-pro and NT bind to the same structural site (binding site 1 and 2), and that other ligands, e.g. pro-domains of neurotrophins such as but not limited to NGF-prodomain and the full pro-NGF, bind at a closely situated but independent separate site (binding site 3).

Accordingly, in an embodiment of the present invention, ligands are designed to specifically bind to one or more of the three binding sites of sortilin. Accordingly said ligands are capable of inhibiting binding of endogenous ligands to the same site. Said endogenous ligands are selected from the group consisting of neurotensin, propeptide of sortilin, p75^(NTR) and pro-neurotrophins, said pro-neurotrophins selected from the group consisting of pro-NGF, proBDNF, pro-NT3 and proNT4/5.

The pairwise sequence identity between Sortilin from eight species is within 60-95%. Sequence alignment (FIG. 5) maps large patches of conserved residues to the inner surface of the propeller cavity and smaller scattered patches to the outer rim and to the 10 CC domain (FIG. 1E). The pattern of conservation in the cavity would agree with the presence of additional or supplementary binding sites and suggests that such alternative sites might implicate other propeller blades in formation of β-strand interactions. The existence of alternative sites is evidently an important point as several ligands target Sortilin. It is well known that the full length ligands all compete for binding, but the efficiency of competition varies and not all are effectively antagonized by the Tyr-Ile-Leu tripeptide. Accordingly, it is likely that all ligands must bind inside the propeller cavity in overlapping sites. Thus, small peptides like Tyr-Ile-Leu, may inhibit by occupying highly specific shared sites, whereas larger ligands may provide additional inhibition by blocking access to the confined space of the cavity.

In summary, the inventors have determined the first known structure of a member of the Vps10p-D protein family and of an NT-binding receptor. The results disclose that in fact the Vps10p-D consists of two distinct but structurally interdependent domains, i.e. the first example of a 10 bladed β-propeller and the 10 CC composed of two similar structural domains. The propeller tunnel comprises the ligand binding region of Sortilin, and we have mapped the specific sites for its interaction with NT and its own propeptide. In addition we have demonstrated that an essential part of the recognition site for the proneurotrophins also are located within this area. The finding that the tripeptide Tyr-Ile-Leu targets Sortilin with high affinity, provides the first NT-derived ligand with a potential to discriminate between Sortilin, SorLA and the G-protein coupled NTRs and it opens for design of specific inhibitors that may reduce apoptosis mediated by the Sortilin:p75^(NTR):proNGF complex. Finally, our structure and binding analysis may prove useful in future modeling of structures and interactions of other Vps10p-D receptors, and in the study of their putative roles in diseases like diabetes and Alzheimers disease (19-21).

In another aspect the present invention relates to a computer-readable data storage medium comprising a data storage material encoded with at least a portion of the structure coordinates of Sortilin as set forth in any of FIGS. 17 to 20.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to the use of the atomic coordinates of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å in a method for identifying a ligand capable of binding to one or more of:

-   -   a. binding site 1, or     -   b. binding site 2, or     -   c. binding site 3,     -   or a fragment or variant of a through c.

In yet another aspect the present invention relate to use of the crystal as described herein above for determination of the three dimensional structure of Sortilin or a fragment or variant thereof.

In yet another aspect the present invention relates to use of atomic coordinates of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å in a method for identifying a ligand capable of binding to one or more of:

-   -   a. binding site 1, or     -   b. binding site 2, or     -   c. binding site 3,     -   or a fragment or variant of a through c.         Methods of Ligand Identification and Design

The present invention provide methods for identification and design of ligands capable of binding specifically to any of the three binding sites (1, 2 and 3) of Sortilin as defined herein above.

In a preferred embodiment identified and designed ligands are potential inhibitors of sortilin thereby preventing binding of Sortilin to the pro-domain of neurotrophins, especially the pro-domains of proNGF and proBDNF.

A potential inhibitor may then be designed de novo in conjunction with computer modelling. Models of chemical structures or molecule fragments may be generated on a computer screen using information derived from known low-molecular weight organic chemical structures stored in a computer data base or are built using the general knowledge of an organic chemist regarding bonding types, conformations etc. Suitable computer programs may aid in this process in order to build chemical structures of realistic geometries. Chemical structures or molecule fragments may be selected and/or used to construct a potential inhibitor such that favourable interactions to said subset or criteria data set become possible. The more favourable interactions become possible, the stronger the potential inhibitor will bind to sortilin. Preferably, favourable interactions to at least one amino acid residues should become possible. Such favourable interactions may occur with any atom of the amino acid residue e.g. atoms of the peptide back-bone or/and atoms of the side chains.

Favourable interactions are any non-covalent attractive forces which may exist between chemical structures such as hydrophobic or van-der-Waals interactions and polar interactions such as hydrogen bonding, salt-bridges etc. Unfavourable interactions such as hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions should be avoided but may be accepted if they are weaker than the sum of the attractive forces. Steric interference such as clashes or overlaps of portions of the inhibitor being selected or constructed with protein moieties will prevent binding unless resolvable by conformational changes. The binding strength of a potential inhibitor thus created may be assessed by comparing favourable and unfavourable interactions on the computer screen or by using computational methods implemented in commercial computer programs.

Conformational freedom of the potential inhibitor and amino acid side chains of the sortilin should be taken into account. Accessible conformations of a potential inhibitor may be determined using known rules of molecular geometry, notably torsion angles, or computationally using computer programs having implemented procedures of molecular mechanics and/or dynamics or quantum mechanics or combinations thereof.

A potential inhibitor is at least partially complementary to at least a portion of the binding site 1, binding site 2 or binding site 3 of Sortilin in terms of shape and in terms of hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties.

Databases of chemical structures (e.g. cambridge structural database or from Chemical Abstracts Service; for a review see: Rusinko (1993) Chem. Des. Auto. News 8, 44-47) may be used to varying extents. In a totally automatic embodiment, all structures in a data base may be compared to the active site or to the binding pockets of the sortilin for complementarity and lack of steric interference computationally using the processor of the computer and a suitable computer program. In this case, computer modelling which comprises manual user interaction at a computer screen may not be necessary. Alternatively, molecular fragments may be selected from a data base and assembled or constructed on a computer screen e.g. manually. Also, the ratio of automation to manual interaction by a person skilled in the art in the process of selecting may vary a lot. As computer programs for drug design and docking of molecules to each other become better, the need for manual interaction decreases.

Programs usable for computer modelling include Quanta (Molecular Simulations, Inc.) and Sibyl (Tripos Associates). Other useful programs are Autodock (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, described in Goodsell and Olsen (1990) Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics, 8, 195-201), Dock (University of California, San Francisco, described in: Kuntz et al. (1982) J. Mol. Biol. 161, 269-288.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of identifying a ligand capable of binding to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin), or a fragment or variant thereof said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. generating the spatial structure of the binding site on a         computer screen using atomic coordinates of sSortilin (SEQ ID         NO:33) as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic         coordinates selected from a three-dimensional structure that         deviates from the three-dimensional structure presented in any         of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein         backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å,     -   b. generating potential ligands with their spatial structure on         the computer screen, and     -   c. selecting ligands that can bind to at least 1 amino acid         residue of the set of binding interaction sites without steric         interference.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a computer-assisted method for identifying a ligand of sortilin capable of binding to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin), or a fragment or variant thereof, using a programmed computer comprising a processor, a data storage system, a data input device and a data output device, comprising the following steps:

-   -   a. inputting into the programmed computer through said input         device data comprising: atomic coordinates of a subset of the         atoms of said sortilin, thereby generating a criteria data set;         wherein said atomic coordinates are selected from the         three-dimensional structure of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33)         presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates         selected from a three-dimensional structure that deviates from         the three-dimensional structure presented in any of FIGS. 17 to         20 by a root mean square deviation over protein backbone atoms         of not more than 3 Å,     -   b. comparing, using said processor, the criteria data set to a         computer data base of low-molecular weight organic chemical         structures and peptide fragments stored in the data storage         system; and     -   c. selecting from said data base, using computer methods, a         chemical structure having a portion that is structurally         complementary to the criteria data set and being free of steric         interference with the receptor sortilin.

In yet another aspect the present invention relates to a method for identifying a ligand, said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. selecting a potential ligand using atomic coordinates in         conjunction with computer modelling, wherein said atomic         coordinates are the atomic coordinates of sSortilin (SEQ ID         NO:33) presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or wherein the atomic         coordinates are selected from a three-dimensional structure that         deviates from the three-dimensional structure presented in any         of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein         backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å, by docking potential         ligands into a set of binding interaction sites in binding site         1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1         (Sortilin), or a fragment or variant thereof, said binding         interaction generated by computer modelling and selecting a         potential ligand capable of binding to at least one amino acid         in said set of binding interaction sites of sortilin,     -   b. providing said potential ligand and said receptor sortilin     -   c. contacting the potential ligand with said receptor sortilin         and     -   d. detecting binding of said receptor sortilin by the potential         ligand.

In one embodiment of the present invention the docking of potential ligand molecules is performed by employing a three-dimensional structure defined by atomic coordinates of the three dimensional structure of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 and such that said potential ligand is capable of binding to at least three amino acids in the binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin), or a fragment or variant thereof.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of identifying a potential ligand of binding site 1, binding site 2 or binding site 3 of sortilin, or a fragment or variant thereof said method comprising the steps of

-   -   a. introducing into a computer, information derived from atomic         coordinates defining a conformation of binding site 1 and/or         binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin),         or a fragment or variant thereof, based on three-dimensional         structure determination, whereby a computer program utilizes or         displays on the computer screen the structure of said         conformation; wherein said atomic coordinates are selected from         the three-dimensional structure of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) as         presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 or atomic coordinates         selected from a three-dimensional structure that deviates from         any one of the tree-dimensional structure represented by any of         FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square deviation over protein         backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å;     -   b. generating a three-dimensional representation of binding site         1, binding site 2 or binding site 3 of sortilin by said computer         program on a computer screen;     -   c. superimposing a model of a potential ligand on the         representation of said binding site 1, binding site 2 or binding         site 3 of Sortilin or a fragment or variant thereof,     -   d. assessing the possibility of bonding and the absence of         steric interference of the potential ligand with the high         affinity neurotensin binding site, the low affinity neurotensin         binding site, the sortilin propeptide binding site or the         pro-neurotrophin binding site of sortilin;     -   e. incorporating said potential ligand compound in a binding         assay of said receptor sortilin and     -   f. determining whether said potential ligand inhibit binding of         a competing ligand selected from the group consisting of, but         not limited to, amino acid residues 19 to 241 of proNGF (SEQ ID         NO:6), amino acid residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6 (NGF pro         domain; SEQ ID NO:42), amino acid residues 19 to 246 of SEQ ID         NO 7 (proBDNF; SEQ ID NO:43), amino acid residues 19 to 127 of         SEQ ID NO 7 (BDNF pro domain; SEQ ID NO:44), amino acid residues         17 to 257 of SEQ ID NO 8 (proNT3; SEQ ID NO:45), amino acid         residues 17 to 140 of SEQ ID NO 8 (NT3 pro domain; SEQ ID         NO:46), amino acid residues 25 to 210 of SEQ ID NO 9 (proNT4/5;         SEQ ID NO:47), amino acid residues 25 to 80 of SEQ ID NO 9         (NT4/5 pro domain; SEQ ID NO:48), SEQ ID NO. 10 (Neurotensin),         SEQ ID NO. 11 (PYIL), amino acid residues 11 to 13 of SEQ ID NO.         10 (YIL) and SEQ ID NO. 12 (NT69L).

In a further embodiment of the present invention the information derived from the atomic coordinates of at least one of the following amino acid residues of binding site 1: R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306, T398 to G400, I303-G309, Q349-A356, Y395 and T402 of SEQ ID NO. 1 are used.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the information derived from the atomic coordinates of at least one of the following amino acid residues of binding site 2: L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586, W597, T168-I174, L572, A573 and S584 to F588 of SEQ ID NO. 1 are used for ligand prediction and/or design.

In a further embodiment of the present invention information derived from the atomic coordinates of at least one of the following amino acid residues of binding site 3: D403, S420, D422, N423, S424, I425, E426, T451, Y466, E470, I498, S499 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1 are used.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the data criteria set or binding interaction set comprise at least 3 amino acid residues selected from the identified groups.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the atomic coordinates are determined to a resolution of at least 5 Å.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the atomic coordinates are determined to a resolution of at least 4 Å.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the atomic coordinates are determined to a resolution of at least 3 Å.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the atomic coordinates are determined to a resolution of at least 2 Å.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the atomic coordinates are determined to a resolution of at least 1.5 Å.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the potential ligand molecule interacts with at least amino acids in the high affinity Neurotensin binding site of SEQ ID NO. 1.

Properties of Vps10p-Domain Receptor Ligands

Ligands identified by the method defined herein above bind specifically to the binding sites identified through the crystal structure of Sortilin. Due to the homology of the Vps10p-domain in between the five members of the Vps10p-domain family, ligands identified as binding to binding sites 1-3 of Sortilin is likely to interact also with the Vps10p-domain of the other Vps10-p domain receptors.

In one embodiment of the present invention the potential ligand molecule interacts with at least amino acids in the low affinity Neurotensin binding site of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the potential ligand molecule interacts with at least amino acids in the Sortilin propeptide binding site of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the potential ligand molecule interacts with at least amino acids in the pro-neurotrophin binding site of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the potential ligand is selected from the group consisting of non-hydrolyzable peptides and peptide analogues, organic compounds and inorganic compounds.

In a further embodiment of the present invention a library of small organic molecules are screened.

In a further embodiment of the present invention a library of potential peptide ligands are screened.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a ligand identified by the method described herein above, said ligand capable of binding to at least one interaction point of said binding site 1, said interaction points comprising X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, R₁, R₂, J₁, J₂ and J₃ of FIG. 14 wherein

X₁ comprises the amino acid residues R325, S316 and Y351 of SEQ ID NO:1, and wherein

X₂ comprises the backbone carbonyl of Y351 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

X₃ comprises the backbone of I353 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

X₄ comprises the amino group of K260 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

R₁ comprises amino acid residues I327, F314, Y351, I353 and M363 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

R₂ comprises F350 of SEQ ID NO:1 and at least one amino acid from the loop comprising amino acid residues T397 to E401 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

J₁ comprises S305 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

J₂ comprises the backbone amide of F306 of SEQ ID NO:1 and wherein

J₃ comprises the backbone carbonyl of F306 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention interaction point X₁ comprises a negative charge and/or hydrogen acceptor properties said negative charge and/or hydrogen acceptor properties selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonic acid, di-fluoro said difluoro lacking a negative charge to compensate the positive charge of the Arginine, di-chloro said di-chloro lacking a negative charge to compensate the positive charge of the Arginine.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ligand as defined herein above comprises at interaction point X₂ a hydrogen bond donor selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, amino and amido.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ligand as defined herein above comprises at interaction point X₃ comprises a hydrogen bond acceptor selected from the group consisting of carbonyl, chloro and fluoro.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ligand as defined herein above comprises at interaction point R₁ a bulky hydrophobic group selected from the group consisting of cyclohexyl-alanine, leucine, isoleucine methionine and phenylalanine.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ligand as defined herein above comprises at interaction point R₂ a hydrophobic amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, cysteine, or a partially hydrophobic group selected from the group consisting of histidine, glutamine, lysine, arginine and glutamate.

In an important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (I):

-   -   wherein X is an atom acting as hydrogen donor said atom selected         from the group consisting of N, O, S, P and wherein     -   Y is an electronegative atom acting as hydrogen bond acceptor         selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, I, and         wherein     -   R₁ is C3-6 alkyl, C4-6 cyclyl, a heterocyclic or a         heteroaromatic structure having one ring, 4 to 6 ring members in         each and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or a heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 3         heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S(O)₀₋₂,         and wherein     -   R₂ is a hydrogen, a C1-12 alkyl or an aromatic, a carbocyclic, a         heterocyclic or a heteroaromatic structure having 1-3 rings, 3-8         ring members in each and 0 to 4 heteroatoms, or a heteroalkyl         comprising 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting         of N, O, S(O)₀₋₂, and wherein     -   R₃ is hydrogen, SH, imidazole, C1-12 alkyl or an aromatic, a         carbocyclic, a heterocyclic or a heteroaromatic structure having         1-3 rings, 3-8 ring members in each and 0 to 4 heteroatoms, or a         heteroalkyl comprising 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the         group consisting of N, O, S, and wherein     -   R₄ is selected from the functional groups C1-100 linear or         branched alkyl, linear or branched alkenyl, linear or branched         alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, haloalkane, chloroalkane, bromoalkane,         iodoalkane, haloformyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, carbonate         ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ether, ester, hydroperoxy, peroxy,         carboxamide, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine,         ammonium, primary ketimine, secondary ketimine, primary         aldimine, secondary aldimine, imide, azide, azo (diimide),         cyanate, isocyanide, isothiocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,         nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, priidyl, phosphino, phosphate,         phosphono, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfhydryl (SH), thiocyanate,         disulfide, a linker L2 or L3, and an amino acid sequence being         at least 50% identical to SEQ ID NO: 10 or a fragment thereof.

In a further important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (II):

-   -   wherein Z is a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor selected from the         group consisting of carbonyl, hydroxyl, amino, imino, amide,         sulfhydryl, chloro, fluoro, and wherein     -   R₅ is selected from the group consisting of H, CH₃, and a linker         L2, and wherein     -   R₆ is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃ and         —OCH₃, and wherein     -   R₇ is selected from the group consisting of side chains of         glutamate, glutamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, tyrosine,         methionine, cysteine, aliphatic C4-6 groups, and wherein     -   R₈ is selected from the group consisting of side chains of         tyrosine, histidine, serine, threonine, aspartate, asparagine,         cysteine, phenylalanine, iodo-tyrosine and —CH₂—NH₂, and wherein     -   R₉ is selected from the group consisting of side chain of         lysine, arginine, glutamine, C3-8 aliphatic and heteroaliphatic         groups, carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups comprising 5 or 6         membered rings, and wherein     -   R₁₀ is selected from the group consisting of a pyroglutamate,         poly-carbohydrates and a polypeptide of length greater than         equal to 10, and wherein     -   R₁₁ and R₁₂ individually are selected from the group consisting         of H, C1-12 linear or branched alkyl, linear or branched         alkenyl, linear or branched alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl, haloalkane,         chloroalkane, bromoalkane, iodoalkane, haloformyl, hydroxyl,         carbonyl, aldehyde, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl,         ether, ester, hydroperoxy, peroxy, carboxamide, primary amine,         secondary amine, tertiary amine, ammonium, primary ketimine,         secondary ketimine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine, imide,         azide, azo (diimide), cyanate, isocyanide, isothiocyanate,         nitrate, nitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, priidyl,         phosphino, phosphate, phosphono, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfhydryl         (SH), and wherein     -   the covalent bonds (1) and (2) individually are selected from         the group consisting of single bonds and double bonds.

In a very important aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand having the general structure of formula (III):

-   -   wherein R₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12         alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and a linker L3, and wherein     -   R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₇, R₁₉, R₂₀ individually are selected from the group         consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl, and wherein     -   R₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of sidechains of         phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine,         histidine, cysteine, lysine and aliphatic C3-7, and wherein     -   R₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, —CH₃ and —CH₂OH,         and wherein the covalent bonds (1) and (2) individually are         selected from the group consisting of single bonds and double         bonds.

In one embodiment of the present invention the ligand of formula (I) is linked by the linker L2 to the ligand of formula (II), thereby forming the general formula (IV): [Formula (I)]−[Linker L2]−[Formula (II)]  (IV) wherein said formula (IV) is capable of simultaneously blocking binding sites 1 and 2 of Sortilin, and wherein the linker L2 mentioned herein above is selected from the group consisting of a peptide backbone of 5 to 6 residues, C15-20 alkyl, C15-20 alkenyl and C15-20 alkynyl.

In one embodiment of the present invention the ligand of formula (I) is linked by the linker L3 to the ligand of formula (III), thereby forming the general formula (V): [Formula (I)]−[Linker L3]−[Formula (III)]  (V) wherein said formula (V) is capable of simultaneously blocking binding sites 1 and 3 of Sortilin, and wherein the linker L3 is selected from the group consisting of a peptide backbone of 12 to 20 residues, C30-60 alkyl, C30-60 alkenyl, C30-60 alkynyl.

In a further embodiment, the ligand identified by the method of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of RRPYI(chg) (SEQ ID NO:32), iodoYIL, QIL, YCL, dYIL, YHL, RRPYI(acc) (SEQ ID NO:32), RRPYI(nMe)L (SEQ ID NO:31), YIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(chg) (SEQ ID NO:32) depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is iodoYIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is QIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YCL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is dYIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YHL depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(acc) (SEQ ID NO:32) depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is RRPYI(nMe)L (SEQ ID NO:31) depicted in FIG. 26.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a Vps10p-domain receptor ligand identified by the method defined herein, said ligand, wherein said ligand is YIL depicted in FIG. 26.

In one embodiment, the ligand is not selected from the group consisting of native Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10), NT8-13 (SEQ ID NO:31) or NT69L (SEQ ID NO:12).

In a further embodiment of the present invention the ligand as identified by the method described herein above is capable of inhibiting binding to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 of the Vps10p-domain receptor Sortilin, or a fragment or variant thereof.

In another aspect the present invention relate to a method for building an atomic model of a Vps10p-domain receptor protein molecule comprising the steps of:

-   -   a. identifying a Vps10p-domain receptor, or a fragment or         variant thereof, having at least 20% sequence identity to SEQ ID         NO. 1, and     -   b. utilizing the atomic coordinates as presented in any of FIGS.         17 to 20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional         structure that deviates from the three-dimensional structure         presented in any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean square         deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3 Å, to         obtain an atomic model of the identified Vps10p-domain receptor         by homology modelling.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the Vps10p-domain receptor to be built according to the method defined herein above is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO. 2 (SorLA), SEQ ID NO. 3 (SorCS1), SEQ ID NO. 4 (SorCS2) and SEQ ID NO. 5 (SorCS3) or a fragment or variant thereof.

In a further aspect the present invention relate to a method of identifying a potential ligand of a Vps10p-domain receptor, or a fragment or variant thereof said method comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) introducing into a computer, information derived from atomic         coordinates defining a conformation of a binding site having at         least 20% sequence identity to 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or         binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 (Sortilin), or a fragment or         variant thereof, based on three-dimensional structure         determination, whereby a computer program utilizes or displays         on the computer screen the structure of said conformation;         wherein said atomic coordinates are selected from the         three-dimensional structure as presented in any of FIGS. 17 to         20 or atomic coordinates selected from a three-dimensional         structure that deviates from any one of the tree-dimensional         structure represented by any of FIGS. 17 to 20 by a root mean         square deviation over protein backbone atoms of not more than 3         Å     -   b) generating a three-dimensional representation of a binding         site having at least 20% sequence identity to binding site 1,         binding site 2 or binding site 3 of Sortilin, or a fragment or         variant thereof, by said computer program on a computer screen;     -   c) superimposing a model of a potential ligand on the         representation of said binding site having at least 20% sequence         identity to site 1, binding site 2 or binding site 3 of         Sortilin,     -   d) assessing the possibility of bonding and the absence of         steric interference of the potential ligand with the binding         site having at least 20% sequence identity to binding site 1,         binding site 2 or binding site 3 of Sortilin or a fragment or         variant thereof;     -   e) incorporating said potential ligand compound in a binding         assay of said Vps10p-domain receptor and     -   f) determining whether said potential ligand is capable of         binding to said binding site having at least 20% sequence         identity to binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding         site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1 by performing a biochemical or         biophysical competitive binding assay wherein the competing         ligand is selected from the group consisting of amino acid         residues 19 to 241 of proNGF (SEQ ID NO:6), amino acid residues         19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6 (NGF pro domain; SEQ ID NO:42), amino         acid residues 19 to 246 of SEQ ID NO 7 (proBDNF; SEQ ID NO:43),         amino acid residues 19 to 127 of SEQ ID NO 7 (BDNF pro domain;         SEQ ID NO:44), amino acid residues 17 to 257 of SEQ ID NO 8         (proNT3; SEQ ID NO:45), amino acid residues 17 to 140 of SEQ ID         NO 8 (NT3 pro domain; SEQ ID NO:46), amino acid residues 25 to         210 of SEQ ID NO 9 (proNT4/5; SEQ ID NO:47), amino acid residues         25 to 80 of SEQ ID NO 9 (NT4/5 pro domain; SEQ ID NO:48), SEQ ID         NO. 10 (Neurotensin), SEQ ID NO. 11 (PYIL), amino acid residues         11 to 13 of SEQ ID NO. 10 (YIL) and SEQ ID NO. 12 (NT69L         Indications

In one aspect the present invention relates to a medicament comprising an inhibitor of Sortilin and/or of Sortilin:proNGF:p75^(NTR) induced apoptosis.

In one embodiment of the present invention the at least one ligand as identified by the methods described herein above is used for the manufacture of a medicament, wherein said medicament is for the treatment, and prevention or treatment and prevention of and/or protection against a disease, disorder, or damage of the nervous system in an individual.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the above mentioned individual is a human being.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the above mentioned medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage involving injury to the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves.

In an embodiment of the present invention the injury defined herein above is due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, diffuse axonal injury, and epilepsy.

In an embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder involves degeneration of neurons and their processes in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or the peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the degeneration of neurons is due to Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, senile dementia, Huntington's Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neuronal injury associated with multiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment of the present invention the neurodegenerative disease as described herein above is Parkinson' Disease.

In one embodiment of the present invention the neurodegenerative disease as described herein above is Huntington's Disease.

In one embodiment of the present invention the neurodegenerative disease as described herein above is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

In one embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder as described herein above is a disease, disorder, or damage involving dysfunction and/or loss of neurons in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the above mentioned disease, disorder, or damage involving dysfunction and/or loss of neurons in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves is selected from the group consisting of conditions caused by metabolic diseases, nutritional deficiency, toxic injury, malignancy, and/or genetic or idiopathic conditions including but not limited to diabetes, renal dysfunction, alcoholism, chemotherapy, chemical agents, drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, and infection.

In one embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder is a disease, disorder, or damage involving degeneration or sclerosis of glia, wherein said glia is selected from the group consisting of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and Schwann cells in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves.

In one embodiment of the present invention said disease, disorder, or damage involving degeneration or sclerosis of glia is selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, cerebral sclerosis, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy.

In one embodiment of the present invention the disease or disorder is multiple sclerosis, sensory ataxus, neurodegenerative spinocerebellar disorders, hereditary ataxis, cerebellar atrophies, and alcoholism.

In one embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involves the retina, photoreceptors, and associated nerves.

In one embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involving the retina, photoreceptors, and associated nerves is selected from the group consisting of retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.

In one embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involves the sensory epithelium and associated ganglia of the vestibuloacoustic complex.

In one embodiment of the present invention said nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involving the sensory epithelium and associated ganglia of the vestibuloacoustic complex is selected from the group consisting of noise-induced hearing loss, deafness, tinnitus, otitis, labyrintitis, hereditary and cochleovestibular atrophies, and Menieres Disease.

In one embodiment of the present invention the medicament as defined herein above optionally comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment of the present invention the medicament as described herein above comprises a second active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a ligand capable of binding to the high affinity Neurotensin binding site (binding site 1), a ligand capable of binding to the low affinity Neurotensin binding site (binding site 2), a ligand capable of binding to the Sortilin propeptide binding sites (binding sites 1 and 2) and a ligand capable of binding to the pro-neurotrophin binding site (binding site 3) of SEQ ID NO. 1.

Administration Forms

The main routes of drug delivery, in the treatment method are intravenous, oral, and topical. Other drug-administration methods, such as subcutaneous injection or via inhalation, which are effective to deliver the drug to a target site or to introduce the drug into the bloodstream, are also contemplated.

The mucosal membrane to which the pharmaceutical preparation of the invention is administered may be any mucosal membrane of the mammal to which the biologically active substance is to be given, e.g. in the nose, vagina, eye, mouth, genital tract, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or rectum, preferably the mucosa of the nose, mouth or vagina.

Compounds of the invention may be administered parenterally, that is by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous intranasal, intrarectal, intravaginal or intraperitoneal administration. The subcutaneous and intramuscular forms of parenteral administration are generally preferred. Appropriate dosage forms for such administration may be prepared by conventional techniques. The compounds may also be administered by inhalation, which is by intranasal and oral inhalation administration. Appropriate dosage forms for such administration, such as an aerosol formulation or a metered dose inhaler, may be prepared by conventional techniques.

The compounds according to the invention may be administered with at least one other compound. The compounds may be administered simultaneously, either as separate formulations or combined in a unit dosage form, or administered sequentially.

Formulations

Whilst it is possible for the compounds or salts of the present invention to be administered as the raw chemical, it is preferred to present them in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation. Accordingly, the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical formulation, for medicinal application, which comprises a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as herein defined, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated in a wide variety of oral administration dosage forms. The pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms may comprise the compounds of the invention or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt or a crystal form thereof as the active component. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, wetting agents, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

Preferably, the composition will be about 0.5% to 75% by weight of a compound or compounds of the invention, with the remainder consisting of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. For oral administration, such excipients include pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. Powders and tablets preferably contain from one to about seventy percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be as solid forms suitable for oral administration.

Drops according to the present invention may comprise sterile or non-sterile aqueous or oil solutions or suspensions, and may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable aqueous solution, optionally including a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or any other suitable preservative, and optionally including a surface active agent. The resulting solution may then be clarified by filtration, transferred to a suitable container which is then sealed and sterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100° C. for half an hour. Alternatively, the solution may be sterilized by filtration and transferred to the container aseptically. Examples of bactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the drops are phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride (0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%). Suitable solvents for the preparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol and propylene glycol.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavours, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

Other forms suitable for oral administration include liquid form preparations including emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, toothpaste, gel dentrifrice, chewing gum, or solid form preparations which are intended to be converted shortly before use to liquid form preparations. Emulsions may be prepared in solutions in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or may contain emulsifying agents such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavours, stabilizing and thickening agents. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents. Solid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, and may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavours, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol. Examples of oily or nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil), and injectable organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate), and may contain formulatory agents such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying or suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilisation from solution for constitution before use with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water.

Oils useful in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils useful in such formulations include peanut, soybean, sesame, cottonseed, corn, olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters.

Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts, and suitable detergents include (a) cationic detergents such as, for example, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, and alkyl pyridinium halides; (b) anionic detergents such as, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionic detergents such as, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and polyoxyethylenepolypropylene copolymers, (d) amphoteric detergents such as, for example, alkyl-β-aminopropionates, and 2-alkyl-imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixtures thereof.

The parenteral formulations typically will contain from about 0.5 to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Preservatives and buffers may be used. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionic surfactants having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulations will typically range from about 5 to about 15% by weight. Suitable surfactants include polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The parenteral formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described.

The compounds of the invention can also be delivered topically. Regions for topical administration include the skin surface and also mucous membrane tissues of the vagina, rectum, nose, mouth, and throat. Compositions for topical administration via the skin and mucous membranes should not give rise to signs of irritation, such as swelling or redness.

The topical composition may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier adapted for topical administration. Thus, the composition may take the form of a suspension, solution, ointment, lotion, sexual lubricant, cream, foam, aerosol, spray, suppository, implant, inhalant, tablet, capsule, dry powder, syrup, balm or lozenge, for example. Methods for preparing such compositions are well known in the pharmaceutical industry.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for topical administration to the epidermis as ointments, creams or lotions, or as a transdermal patch. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or colouring agents. Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising active agents in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Creams, ointments or pastes according to the present invention are semi-solid formulations of the active ingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing the active ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or in solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aid of suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base. The base may comprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol, beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such as almond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivatives or a fatty acid such as steric or oleic acid together with an alcohol such as propylene glycol or a macrogel. The formulation may incorporate any suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic or non-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylene derivative thereof. Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulose derivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, and other ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.

Lotions according to the present invention include those suitable for application to the skin or eye. An eye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containing a bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for the preparation of drops. Lotions or liniments for application to the skin may also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such as an alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oil such as castor oil or arachis oil.

Transdermal Delivery

The pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier complexes described herein can be administered transdermally. Transdermal administration typically involves the delivery of a pharmaceutical agent for percutaneous passage of the drug into the systemic circulation of the patient. The skin sites include anatomic regions for transdermally administering the drug and include the forearm, abdomen, chest, back, buttock, mastoidal area, and the like.

Transdermal delivery is accomplished by exposing a source of the complex to a patient's skin for an extended period of time. Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier complex to the body. See Transdermal Drug Delivery: Developmental Issues and Research Initiatives, Hadgraft and Guy (eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., (1989); Controlled Drug Delivery: Fundamentals and Applications, Robinson and Lee (eds.), Marcel Dekker Inc., (1987); and Transdermal Delivery of Drugs, Vols. 1-3, Kydonieus and Berner (eds.), CRC Press, (1987). Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving, dispersing, or otherwise incorporating the pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier complex in a proper medium, such as an elastomeric matrix material. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate-controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

Passive Transdermal Drug Delivery

A variety of types of transdermal patches will find use in the methods described herein. For example, a simple adhesive patch can be prepared from a backing material and an acrylate adhesive. The pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier complex and any enhancer are formulated into the adhesive casting solution and allowed to mix thoroughly. The solution is cast directly onto the backing material and the casting solvent is evaporated in an oven, leaving an adhesive film. The release liner can be attached to complete the system.

Alternatively, a polyurethane matrix patch can be employed to deliver the pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier complex. The layers of this patch comprise a backing, a polyurethane drug/enhancer matrix, a membrane, an adhesive, and a release liner. The polyurethane matrix is prepared using a room temperature curing polyurethane prepolymer. Addition of water, alcohol, and complex to the prepolymer results in the formation of a tacky firm elastomer that can be directly cast only the backing material.

A further embodiment of this invention will utilize a hydrogel matrix patch. Typically, the hydrogel matrix will comprise alcohol, water, drug, and several hydrophilic polymers. This hydrogel matrix can be incorporated into a transdermal patch between the backing and the adhesive layer.

The liquid reservoir patch will also find use in the methods described herein. This patch comprises an impermeable or semipermeable, heat sealable backing material, a heat sealable membrane, an acrylate based pressure sensitive skin adhesive, and a siliconized release liner. The backing is heat sealed to the membrane to form a reservoir which can then be filled with a solution of the complex, enhancers, gelling agent, and other excipients.

Foam matrix patches are similar in design and components to the liquid reservoir system, except that the gelled pharmaceutical agent-chemical modifier solution is constrained in a thin foam layer, typically a polyurethane. This foam layer is situated between the backing and the membrane which have been heat sealed at the periphery of the patch.

For passive delivery systems, the rate of release is typically controlled by a membrane placed between the reservoir and the skin, by diffusion from a monolithic device, or by the skin itself serving as a rate-controlling barrier in the delivery system. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,258; 4,927,408; 4,904,475; 4,588,580, 4,788,062; and the like. The rate of drug delivery will be dependent, in part, upon the nature of the membrane. For example, the rate of drug delivery across membranes within the body is generally higher than across dermal barriers. The rate at which the complex is delivered from the device to the membrane is most advantageously controlled by the use of rate-limiting membranes which are placed between the reservoir and the skin. Assuming that the skin is sufficiently permeable to the complex (i.e., absorption through the skin is greater than the rate of passage through the membrane), the membrane will serve to control the dosage rate experienced by the patient.

Suitable permeable membrane materials may be selected based on the desired degree of permeability, the nature of the complex, and the mechanical considerations related to constructing the device. Exemplary permeable membrane materials include a wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxanes (silicone rubbers), ethylenevinylacetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethanes, polyurethane-polyether copolymers, polyethylenes, polyamides, polyvinylchlorides (PVC), polypropylenes, polycarbonates, polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE), cellulosic materials, e.g., cellulose triacetate and cellulose nitrate/acetate, and hydrogels, e.g., 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA).

Other items may be contained in the device, such as other conventional components of therapeutic products, depending upon the desired device characteristics. For example, the compositions according to this invention may also include one or more preservatives or bacteriostatic agents, e.g., methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, chlorocresol, benzalkonium chlorides, and the like. These pharmaceutical compositions also can contain other active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents, particularly antibiotics, anesthetics, analgesics, and antipruritic agents.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for administration as suppositories. A low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.

The active compound may be formulated into a suppository comprising, for example, about 0.5% to about 50% of a compound of the invention, disposed in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) carrier (e.g., PEG 1000 [96%] and PEG 4000 [4%].

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for nasal administration. The solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity by conventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray. The formulations may be provided in a single or multidose form. In the latter case of a dropper or pipette this may be achieved by the patient administering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution or suspension. In the case of a spray this may be achieved for example by means of a metering atomizing spray pump.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated for aerosol administration, particularly to the respiratory tract and including intranasal administration. The compound will generally have a small particle size for example of the order of 5 microns or less. Such a particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example by micronization. The active ingredient is provided in a pressurized pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) for example dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, or dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. The aerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin. The dose of drug may be controlled by a metered valve. Alternatively the active ingredients may be provided in a form of a dry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitable powder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP). The powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity. The powder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example in capsules or cartridges of e.g., gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.

When desired, formulations can be prepared with enteric coatings adapted for sustained or controlled release administration of the active ingredient.

The pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the instant compounds, where they can be prepared, are also intended to be covered by this invention. These salts will be ones which are acceptable in their application to a pharmaceutical use. By that it is meant that the salt will retain the biological activity of the parent compound and the salt will not have untoward or deleterious effects in its application and use in treating diseases.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared in a standard manner. If the parent compound is a base it is treated with an excess of an organic or inorganic acid in a suitable solvent. If the parent compound is an acid, it is treated with an inorganic or organic base in a suitable solvent.

The compounds of the invention may be administered in the form of an alkali metal or earth alkali metal salt thereof, concurrently, simultaneously, or together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, especially and preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition thereof, whether by oral, rectal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous) route, in an effective amount.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts for use in the present inventive pharmaceutical composition include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric and sulfuric acids, and organic acids, such as tartaric, acetic, citric, malic, lactic, fumaric, benzoic, glycolic, gluconic, succinic, p-toluenesulphonic acids, and arylsulphonic, for example.

In one embodiment of the present invention the pH of the medicament composition as described herein above is between pH 5 and pH 9.

In one embodiment of the present invention the medicament as described herein above is formulated for administration by injection, suppository, oral administration, sublingual tablet or spray, cutaneous administration, or inhalation.

In one embodiment of the present invention said medicament is formulated for administration by injection wherein the injection is intravenous, intramuscular, intraspinal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, a bolus or a continuous administration.

In one embodiment the medicament according to the present invention is administered at intervals of 30 minutes to 24 hours.

In one embodiment the medicament according to the present invention is administered at intervals of 1 to 6 hours.

In one embodiment according to the present invention duration of administration of the medicament as defined herein above is from 6 to 72 hours.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the dosage of the medicament defined herein above is between 10 μg to 10 mg per kg body mass.

Method of Treatment

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a the use of at least one ligand identified by the method described herein above, for the manufacture of a medicament, wherein said medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage of the nervous system in an individual.

In another aspect the present invention relates to a method of treatment of a pathological condition in a subject comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the medicament described herein above.

In one embodiment of the present invention said medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage associated with the nervous system.

In another embodiment of the present invention said medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage involving injury to the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves, including but not limited to conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, diffuse axonal injury, and epilepsy.

In another embodiment of the present invention said medicament is for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or damage involving injury to the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder described herein above involves degeneration of neurons and their processes in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or the peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said degeneration of neurons is due to Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, senile dementia, Huntington's

Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neuronal injury associated with multiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment of the present invention said neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson's Disease.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said neurodegenerative disease is Huntington's Disease.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said neurodegenerative disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the nervous system disorder disclosed herein above is a disease, disorder, or damage involving dysfunction and/or loss of neurons in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said disease, disorder, or damage involving dysfunction and/or loss of neurons in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and/or peripheral nerves is selected from the group consisting of conditions caused by metabolic diseases, nutritional deficiency, toxic injury, malignancy, and/or genetic or idiopathic conditions including but not limited to diabetes, renal dysfunction, alcoholism, chemotherapy, chemical agents, drug abuse, vitamin deficiency, and infection.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said nervous system disorder is a disease, disorder, or damage involving degeneration or sclerosis of glia, wherein said glia is selected from the group consisting of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and Schwann cells in the brain, brain stem, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said disease, disorder, or damage involving degeneration or sclerosis of glia is selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, cerebral sclerosis, post-infectious encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said disease or disorder is multiple sclerosis, sensory ataxus, neurodegenerative spinocerebellar disorders, hereditary ataxis, cerebellar atrophies, and alcoholism.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involves the retina, photoreceptors, and associated nerves wherein said nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involving the retina, photoreceptors, and associated nerves is selected from the group consisting of retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involves the sensory epithelium and associated ganglia of the vestibuloacoustic complex.

In a further embodiment of the present invention said nervous system disorder, disease, or damage involving the sensory epithelium and associated ganglia of the vestibuloacoustic complex is selected from the group consisting of noise-induced hearing loss, deafness, tinnitus, otitis, labyrintitis, hereditary and cochleovestibular atrophies, and Menieres Disease.

In one embodiment of the present invention the subject as described herein above is a human being.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged beyond repair, infected with a virus, or undergoing stress conditions such as starvation. The “decision” for apoptosis can come from the cell itself, from the surrounding tissue, or from a cell that is part of the immune system. In these cases apoptosis functions to remove the damaged cell thus preventing it from sapping further nutrients from the organism, or to prevent the spread of viral infection.

Sortilin is a multifunctional type-1 receptor capable of endocytosis as well as intracellular sorting (9-11), and as shown recently, it also engages in signalling by triggering proneurotrophin-induction of p75^(NTR)-mediated neuronal apoptosis (6, 7, 12, 13).

The present invention provide methods for designing ligands binding specifically to binding site 1, binding site 2 and binding site 3 respectively, of Sortilin.

It is within the scope of the present invention to design and provide ligand molecules capable of binding to Sortilin binding site 1 and/or binding site 2 and/or binding site 3 as defined herein above, thereby preventing formation of a ternary complex between Sortilin, proNGF and p75^(NTR) thereby inhibiting apoptosis.

Accordingly in one embodiment, the ligands designed according to the present invention are capable of inhibiting apoptosis.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of preventing apoptosis in a mammalian neuronal cell, said method comprising exposing said neuronal cell to the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of enhancing survival of a mammalian neuronal cell, said method comprising exposing said neuronal cell to the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of expanding a composition of mammalian cells, comprising administering to said composition the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method of differentiating a composition of mammalian cells, comprising administering to said composition the ligand molecule as defined herein above.

Antibodies

An antibody binds tightly to a particular target molecule, thereby either inactivating it directly or marking it for destruction. The antibody recognizes its target (antigen) with remarkable specificity and strength dictated by the sum of many chemical forces, including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and van der Waal's forces, as well as ionic interactions. In general, the more complex the target is chemically, the more immunogenic it will be. The antigenic determinant may encompass short linear amino acid stretches or a more complicated, three-dimensional protein module.

Conceptually, antibodies directed against a target receptor may inhibit ligand binding in two ways: competitive or allosteric. Competitive inhibition involves the direct binding of the antibody to or near the ligand binding site on the receptor, thereby displacing the ligand from its receptor or sterically inhibiting the approach of the ligand to the ligand binding site. Allosteric inhibition involves the binding of the antibody to a site on the receptor polypeptide that is distinct from the ligand binding epitope. However, binding to this site will induce a conformational change in the overall structure of the receptor that makes it more difficult or even impossible for the ligand to bind to its cognate recognition site.

Accordingly, in one important aspect of the present invention an antibody has been raised, said antibody capable of binding specifically to binding site 1 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the antibody raised is capable of binding specifically to the epitope of the endogenous or exogenous ligand capable of binding to binding site 1 of SEQ ID NO. 1, thus sterically hindering binding of said ligand to said binding site 1 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In another aspect of the present invention an antibody has been raised, said antibody capable of binding specifically to binding site 2 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the antibody raised is capable of binding specifically to the epitope of the endogenous or exogenous ligand capable of binding to binding site 2 of SEQ ID NO. 1, thus sterically hindering binding of said ligand to said binding site 2 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further highly preferred embodiment of the present invention an antibody has been raised, said antibody capable of binding specifically to binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment the antibody raised is capable of binding specifically to the epitope of the endogenous or exogenous ligand capable of binding to binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1, thus sterically hindering binding of said ligand to said binding site 3 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 1 including but not limited to R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306, T398 to G400, I303-G309, Q349-A356, Y395 and T402 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 1 including but not limited to R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306 and T398 to G400 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 1 including but not limited to R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314 and F350 to M363 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 2 including but not limited to L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586, W597, T168-I174, L572, A573 and S584 to F588 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 2 including but not limited to L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586 and W597 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 2 including but not limited to L572, L114 and V112 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 3 including but not limited to D403, S420, D422, N423, S424, I425, E426, T451, Y466, E470, I498, S499 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 3 including but not limited to D403, N423, S424, I425, T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as defined herein above bind to at least one amino acid residue of or around binding site 3 including but not limited to T451, Y466, I498 and V500 of SEQ ID NO. 1.

In a further embodiment of the present invention the antibody as described herein above is selected from the group consisting of: polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, humanised antibodies, single chain antibodies, recombinant antibodies.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to an immunoconjugate comprising an antibody as described herein above and a conjugate selected from the group consisting of: a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, a toxin, or a radioactive isotope; a member of a specific binding pair, such as avidin or streptavidin or an antigen; an enzyme capable of producing a detectable product.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Overview of Sortilin structure

A) Cartoon illustration of sSortilin:NT at 2.6 Å resolution as viewed down the propeller axis from the open side of the tunnel. Individual propeller blades are numbered along the outer rim. NT (Pro10-Tyr-Ile-Leu13); residues 10-13 of SEQ ID NO:10) in the high affinity NT binding site (binding site 1) at blade 6 and NT (Leu2-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys6; residues 2-6 of SEQ ID NO:10) in binding site 2 at blade 1 is shown as sticks. The oligosaccharide moieties of the glycosylation at Asn206, 30 Asn450, and Asn626 of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO. 33) are also shown as sticks. The oligosaccharide moieties of the glycosylation at Asn206, Asn450, and Asn626 are also shown as sticks. B) View of sSortilin(a) following a 90° rotation around a horizontal axis. The propeller is shown as a surface representation in grey. The hydrophobic loops extending from blades 1 and 10 are in dark grey. The 10 CC domains is shown as a cartoon representation. C) Surface representation of the sSortilin:NT complex shown in (a). The surface of the propeller is light grey, the 10 CC domains, N and C-terminal parts of NT are dark grey, the hydrophobic loops are black. The dimensions of the tunnel along the dashed lines in the equatorial plane are shown. The grey line indicates the position of the cross-section shown in d. D) Cross-section of the propeller with NT shown as sticks. The same colour scheme is used as in (c). This view is rotated 180° around a vertical axis with respect to the view used in (b). The dashed line shows the largest dimension in the equatorial plane. E) The surface representation of sSortilin coloured by sequence conservation (FIG. 5). Invariant positions are coloured dark grey. All three peptide fragments found in the 2.6 Å Sortilin:NT structure with 15 fold excess of NT as well as glycosylations are shown as sticks. Left: Top view of sSortilin, i.e. same orientation as in C Right: Bottom view of sSortilin i.e. 180° rotation of the top view around a vertical axis.

FIG. 2: Details of ligand binding

A) Binding of the N-terminal part of NT to sSortilin as seen in the 2.6 Å structure. Atom types are indicated by shades of grey: Carbon (sSortilin)—light grey, Nitrogen—darker grey, Oxygen—darker grey, and Carbon (NT)—darkest grey. Neurotensin residues are overlaid with the 1σ level of the final 2.6 Å 2Fo-Fc electron density map shown as a wire mesh. The dashed lines indicate the positions of hydrogen bonds. B) Binding of the C-terminal part of NT to sortilin as seen in the 2.0 Å structure. Residues Pro10-Tyr-Ile-Leu13 (residues 10-13 of SEQ ID NO:10) and the residues of sSortilin forming the binding pocket are shown as sticks. Colour coding as in (a).

The electron density map contoured at 1σ is the final 3Fo-2Fc map of the 2.0 Å structure.

C) Electron density of the propeptide at propeller binding site 2. The same set of atoms of sSortilin as in panel (a) is superimposed on strand 1 of blade 1 of the sSortilin:propeptide.

Color coding as in panel (a). The 1σ surface of the final 3.2 Å 3Fc-2Fo electron density is shown indicating the position of the bound propeptide.

D) Electron density of the propeptide at propeller the high affinity NT binding site. The same set of atoms of sSortilin as in panel (b) is superimposed on strand 1 of blade 6 of the sSortilin:propeptide. The 1σ surface of the final 3.2 Å 3Fc-2Fo electron density is shown indicating the position of the bound propeptide. E) Propeptide binding across the tunnel. Cross section of the sSortilin:propeptide structure as in FIG. 1d. The 1σ surface of the final 3.2 Å 3Fc-2Fo electron density is shown.

FIG. 3: Effects of NT and derived peptides on sSortilin binding

Surface plasmon resonance analysis of ligand binding to immobilized sSortilin in the absence or presence of Neurotensin derived peptides. The numbering indicates which amino acids of NT (1-13) that are contained in the individual peptides. Binding in the presence of the C-terminal tripeptide 11-YIL-13 (NT 11-13) is indicated. A-B) Binding of the GSTtagged Sortilin propeptide (GST-Sort-pro); C) Binding of the GST-tagged propeptide of NGF; D) Binding of RAP.

FIG. 4: Secretion and ligand binding of sSortilin and sSortilin mutant receptors

A) A pulse chase of ³⁵S-biolabelled sSortilin in CHO cells. Receptors, wt or mutant receptors with the indicated amino acid substitutions, were immunoprecipitated from cell lysates or medium at the indicated times.

B) Binding of BDNF and the Sortilin-propeptide to wt sSortilin and to the purified S283E mutant. The receptors were immobilized at similar concentrations (0.06 pM/mm²) and binding was analyzed by SPR. A silver stain of the purified mutant receptor is shown as an inset. C) Binding of the NGF-prodomain to wt sSortilin (upper panel) and to the S316E mutant (lower panel) in the absence or presence of a surplus of Neurotensin.

FIG. 5: Sequence alignment of Sortilin sequences. The numbering corresponds to pre-pro-Sortilin numbering (according to SEQ ID NO. 1. Sequences were identified by a BLAST search in the non-redundant protein database at NCBI:

Bos _(—) taurus: ref|XP 588956.3| (SEQ ID NO:14);

Canis _(—) familiaris: ref|XP 537041.2| (SEQ ID NO:15);

Rattus _(—) norvegicus: ref|XP_(—)001076150.1| (SEQ ID NO:16);

Mus _(—) musculus: ref|NP 064356.2| (SEQ ID NO:17);

Ornithorhynchus _(—) anatinus: ref|XP 001505243.1| (SEQ ID NO:18);

Tetraodon _(—) nigroviridis: emb|CAG07500.1| (SEQ ID NO:19);

Danio _(—) rerio: ref|NP 998395.1| (SEQ ID NO:20);

and subsequently aligned to the sSortilin construct using ClustalW. Only the region corresponding to the sSortilin construct is shown with the C-terminal His-tag omitted. The alignment view was created using Jalview (34) and coloured shades of grey according to conservation at each position. Below the sequences thick bars indicate the position of secondary structure as assigned by DSSP (34). Below this line bars labelled Blade 1 through 10 indicate the position of the individual blades of the propeller or indicate the extent of the two domains of 10 CC. The disulphide linkages are indicated above the sequences by thin lines either connecting the two cysteines or labelled with the residue number of the disulphide partner. The blue bars show the position of the two hydrophobic loops. Asterisks identifies glycosylated asparagine residues. Capital N identifies residues involved in binding of the C-terminal part of Neurotensin whereas lowercase n identifies residues involved in binding of the N-terminal part of Neurotensin.

FIG. 6: Overview of expression and crystallization

FIG. 7: X-ray diffraction pattern to 2 Å resolution

FIG. 8: Refinement statistics and Ramachandran plot

FIG. 9: Statistics of β-propeller structures demonstrating that the 10-bladed Sortilin β-propeller is unique, new and unexpected.

FIG. 10: Overview of binding of PYIL (SEQ ID NO:11) ligand to Sortilin mutant structures S316E and R325A of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO.33) as compared to wild type (WT).

FIG. 11: Optimisation of Sortilin crystals comprising a fragment (SEQ ID NO:21) of the Sortilin propeptide

FIG. 12: The figure represents the hydrogen bonding arrangement from the C-terminal of neurotensin, shown as Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu (SEQ ID NO:11), and sortilin as seen in the 2.0 Å structure of luminal sortilin complexed with neurotensin. Only the hydrogen bonds of the neurotensin leucine are invariable while that of isoleucine-353 and lysine-260 of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO. 33) to the neurotensin tyrosine are variable. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Residue numbers in the Figure refer to the positions of residues in SEQ ID NO:1

To illustrate the hydrophobic interactions between sortilin and neurotensin, residues of sortilin with carbon atoms within 4.2 Å of neurotensin carbon atoms have been listed next to their interaction partners.

FIG. 13: Mapping of specific interactions of binding site 1 with C-terminal of neurotensin (NT) bound.

FIG. 14: Mapping of specific interactions of binding site 1 of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) with artificial peptide NT69L (SEQ ID NO. 12) bound. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Residue numbers in the Figure refer to the positions of residues in SEQ ID NO:1.

FIG. 15: Overview of the density at the two binding sites of Sortilin. The novel binding site for the pro-domain of Nerve Growth Factor is Site 3.

FIG. 16: Fo-Fc density at site 3 shown at 2.6. Residues of sortilin involved in binding shown as sticks and labelled with amino acid type and residue number. The peptide backbone of the prodomain of Nerve Growth factor is shown overlaid with the electron density.

FIG. 17: Atomic coordinates of sSortilin when in complex with a fragment of the NGFprodomain. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1; the NGF pro domain (SEQ ID NO:40) has the sequence of amino acid residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6. The numbering of the first built Sortilin amino acid residues of this pdb file is C9 which corresponds to C86 of SEQ ID NO: 1 which is numbered in accordance with the Expasy database entry Q99523 as of the filing date of the present application. Thus, the sSortilin coordinates provided are those of SEQ ID NO:34 (which corresponds to amino acid residues Cys86 to Glu748 of SEQ ID NO. 1) (atom 1 corresponds to an atom of the first residue (Cys) of SEQ ID NO:34 (Cys86 of SEQ ID NO:1); atom 5218 corresponds to an atom of the last residue (Glu) of SEQ ID NO:34 (Glu748 of SEQ ID NO:1). The coordinates of the NGF prodomain are not shown. The coordinates of an AAAA tetrapeptide (SEQ ID NO:35) are shown commencing with atom 5301. NAG (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine).

FIG. 18: Atomic coordinates at high resolution (2 A) of sSortilin in complex with Neurotensin provided in a molar ration of 1:1.5 resulting in occupation of binding site 1. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Neurotensin has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. The numbering of the first built Sortilin amino acid residues of this pdb file is G10 which corresponds to G87 of SEQ ID NO:1 which is numbered in accordance with the Expasy database entry Q99523 as of the filing date of the present application. Thus, the sSortilin coordinates provided are those of SEQ ID NO:36 (which corresponds to amino acid residues Gly87 to Lys749 of SEQ ID NO. 1) (atom 1 corresponds to the N-terminal Pro of SEQ ID NO:11; atom 37 is an atom of the first residue (Gly) of SEQ ID NO:36 (Gly87 of SEQ ID NO:1); atom 5227 corresponds to an atom of the last residue (Lys) of SEQ ID NO:36 (Lys749 of SEQ ID NO:1). NAG (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine); MAN (manose); PE3 (polyethylene glycol).

FIG. 18: Atomic coordinates at high resolution (2 Å) of sSortilin in complex with Neurotensin provided in a molar ration of 1:1.5 resulting in occupation of binding site 1. The numbering of the first built Sortilin amino acid residues of this pdb file is G10 which corresponds to G87 of SEQ ID NO:1 which is numbered in accordance with the Expasy database entry Q99523 as of the filing date of the present application.

FIG. 19: Atomic coordinates of sSortilin in complex with Neurotensin provided in a molar ration of 1:15 resulting in occupation of both binding site 1 (high affinity site) and binding site 2 (low affinity site). sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1. Neurotensin has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10. The numbering of the first built Sortilin amino acid residues of this pdb file is G54 which corresponds to G87 of SEQ ID NO:1 which is numbered in accordance with the Expasy database entry Q99523 as of the filing date of the present application. Thus, the sSortilin coordinates provided are those of SEQ ID NO:37 (which corresponds to amino acid residues Gly87 to Pro747 of SEQ ID NO. 1) (atom 1 corresponds to an atom of the first residue (Gly) of SEQ ID NO:37 (Gly87 of SEQ ID NO:1); atom 5142 corresponds to an atom of the last residue (Pro) of SEQ ID NO:37 (Pro747 of SEQ ID NO:1). Atoms 5143-5245 are atoms of Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10); atoms 5246-5289 are atoms of an ENKPR (SEQ ID NO:38) peptide fragment of Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10); atoms 5396-10573 are atoms of a second molecule of G87-Pro747 sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:37); atoms 10574-10676 are atoms of a second molecule of Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10); atoms 10677-10720 are atoms of a second molecule of the ENKPR (SEQ ID NO:38) peptide fragment of Neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10); NAG (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine); MAN (manose); PE (polyethylene glycol).

FIG. 20: Atomic coordinates of sSortilin crystallised in complex with Sortilin's own propeptide. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO:33) has the sequence of amino acid residues 78 to 755 of SEQ ID NO. 1. The propeptide is omitted in this model. The numbering of the first built Sortilin amino acid residues of this pdb file is D6 which corresponds to D83 of SEQ ID NO: 1 which is numbered in accordance with the Expasy database entry Q99523 as of the filing date of the present application. Thus, the sSortilin coordinates provided are those of SEQ ID NO:39 (which corresponds to amino acid residues Asp83 to Lys749 of SEQ ID NO. 1). Atom 1 corresponds to an atom of the first residue (Asp) of SEQ ID NO:38 (Asp83 of SEQ ID NO:1); atom 5194 corresponds to an atom of the last residue (Lys) of SEQ ID NO:38 (Lys749 of SEQ ID NO:1). NAG (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine); MAN (manose); PE (polyethylene glycol).

FIG. 21: Overview of the six icosapeptides of the NGF propeptide synthesized to cover the whole propeptide. Shown are the alignments of NGFpro/1-103 (SEQ ID NO:23) and icosapeptide fragments thereof (SEQ ID NOs:24-29).

FIG. 22: Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the binding affinity of NGFpro peptide and icosapeptides for immobilized sSortilin.

FIG. 23: Overview of the sSortilin-peptide4 complex displayed as surface representation. The surface of Vsp10p-D is light gray, 10 CC domain is gray, peptide4 from NGFpro is black and the glycosylations is displayed using ‘ball and stick’ representation coloured by atom type.

FIG. 24: Binding of the NGF prodomain (Site 3). A) The peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) from NGFpro are shown as ‘ball-and-stick’ model coloured by atom type. A Fo-Fc electron density map, calculated without the peptides and contoured at 2.66 are superimposed upon the peptide. sSortilin is displayed using surface representation. B) The bound peptide4 is modelled as a hexa-alanine fragment and displayed as a ‘ball and stick’ model together with interacting residues of sSortilin.

FIG. 25: Binding of the NGF prodomain (Site 1/NTS-site). A) The peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) from NGFpro is displayed as ‘ball-and-stick’ model coloured by atom type. The electron density map displayed has been calculated as indicated in FIG. 24 and superimposed upon the peptide. sSortilin is displayed using surface representation. B) The bound peptide4 is modelled as tetra-alanine fragment and displayed with interacting residues of sSortilin.

FIG. 26: Competition of peptides ELYENKPRRPYIL (SEQ ID NOs:30), RRPYIL (SEQ ID NO:31) and RRPYI (SEQ ID NO:32) with GST C-terminally tagged with Tyr-Ile-Leu (YIL). Binding to immobilized sSortilin was measured by surface plasmon resonance. 100% corresponds to the measured response units obtained for 100 nM GST-YIL in the absence of competing peptide. The EC50 values is the concentration of peptide at which the GST-YIL binding is reduced to 50%. Sequences are given for the peptides and for peptides that contain non-natural amino acids the structure is also shown.

OVERVIEW OF SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO:1: Sortilin

SEQ ID NO:2: SorLA

SEQ ID NO:3: SorCS1

SEQ ID NO:4: SorCS2

SEQ ID NO:5: SorCS3

SEQ ID NO:6: pre-pro-NGF

SEQ ID NO:7: pre-pro-BDNF

SEQ ID NO:8: Neurotrophin-3

SEQ ID NO:9: Neurotrophin-4/5

SEQ ID NO:10: Neurotensin (1-13)

SEQ ID NO:11: PYIL (C-term.of Neurotensin)

SEQ ID NO:12 Synthetic peptide

SEQ ID NO:13 RAP

SEQ ID NO:14 Bos taurus sortilin

SEQ ID NO:15 Canis familiaris sortilin

SEQ ID NO:16 Rattus norvegicus sortilin

SEQ ID NO:17 Mus musculus sortilin

SEQ ID NO:18 Ornithorhynchus anatinus sortilin

SEQ ID NO:19 Tetraodon nigroviridis sortilin

SEQ ID NO:20 Danio rerio sortilin

SEQ ID NO:21 Residues 34-76 of SEQ ID NO:1 (Sortilin)

SEQ ID NO:22 His6 Tag

SEQ ID NO:23 NGFpro/1-103

SEQ ID NO:24 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:25 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:26 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:27 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:28 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:29 Synthetic icosapeptide of the NGF propeptide

SEQ ID NO:30 Synthetic peptide

SEQ ID NO:31 Synthetic peptide

SEQ ID NO:32 Synthetic peptide

SEQ ID NO:33 sSortilin (amino acid residues 78-755 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:34 sSortilin fragment (amino acid residues 86-748 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:35 Synthetic peptide

SEQ ID NO:36 sSortilin fragment (amino acid residues 87-749 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:37 sSortilin fragment (amino acid residues 86-747 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:38 peptide fragment of Neurotensin

SEQ ID NO:39 sSortilin fragment (amino acid residues 83-749 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:40 NGF pro domain (amino acid residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO 6)

SEQ ID NO:41 NT propeptide (amino acid residues 17-140 of SEQ ID NO:8)

SEQ ID NO:42 NGF pro-domain (amino acid residues 19-121 of SEQ ID NO 6)

SEQ ID NO:43 pro BDNF (amino acid residues 19-246 of SEQ ID NO 7)

SEQ ID NO:44 BDNF pro domain (amino acid residues 19-127 of SEQ ID NO:7)

SEQ ID NO:45 Pro NT3 (amino acid residues 17-257 of SEQ ID NO:8)

SEQ ID NO:46 NT3 pro domain (amino acid residues 17-140 of SEQ ID NO:8)

SEQ ID NO:47 proNT 4/5 (amino acid residues 25-210 of SEQ ID NO 9)

SEQ ID NO:48 NT4/5 pro domain (amino acid residues 25-80 of SEQ ID NO 9)

SEQ ID NO:49 Sortilin propeptide (amino acid residues 34-77 of SEQ ID NO:1)

SEQ ID NO:50 Sortilin propeptide fragment

SEQ ID NO:51 Peptide-4

SEQ ID NO:52 Synthetic peptide

EXAMPLES Example 1 Expression and Purification of Sortilin

Soluble Sortilin (sSortilin; SEQ ID NO:33), comprising the entire luminal domain (amino acids 1 to 758) but not the transmembrane segment or the cytoplasmic tail of Sortilin, fused C-terminally to His6 (SEQ ID NO:22) was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells as previously described (5). The CHO-transfectants were cultured in serum-free HyQ-CCM5 CHO medium (HyClone, Logan, Utah) in 500 cm³ Nunclon™ TripleFlasks. Incorporation of seleno-methionine (SeMet) followed a procedure previously described with only minor modifications (22). Both native and SeMet substituted protein were purified by RAP affinity chromatography as previously described (1). The S316E and R325A Sortilin mutants, were stably expressed in CHO-cells and subsequently purified from the medium by His₆-tag affinity chromatography in the same way as previously described for Sortilin mutated in the furin propeptide cleavage site (5). Neurotensin was purchased from Sigma and the Sortilin propeptide fragment (SEQ ID NO:50; consisting of residues 37-61 of SEQ ID NO:1) as well as the various Neurotensin fragments were purchased from BIOMOL International L.P. (UK). All peptides were more than 95% pure. Expression and purification has previously been described for the Sortilin propeptide fused to GST (5) and the NGF prodomain (6). Mature BDNF (SEQ ID NO. 7, amino acid residues 128 to 246) was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (USA).

Example 2 Surface Plasmon Resonance

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements were performed on a BIAcore 2000 instrument (Biacore Sweden) equipped with CM5 sensor chips maintained at 20° C. A continuous flow of HBS buffer (10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 3.4 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% surfactant P20) passing over the sensor surface was maintained at 5 μl/min. The carboxylated dextran matrix of the sensor chip flow cells 1-3 was activated by the injection of a solution containing 0.2 M N-ethyl-N-(3 dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and 0.05M N-hydroxysuccimide in water. A sortilin solution (320 μl, 5 μg/ml in 10 mM sodium acetate pH 4.0) was then injected over flow cells 1 and 2 at a flow rate of 15 μl/min. Remaining binding sites in all three flow cells were blocked by injection (5 μl/min) of 70 μl of 1 M ethanolamine pH 8.5. The surface plasmon resonance signal from immobilized sortilin generated 4419 and 6166 BIAcore response units (RU) equivalent to 49 and 69 fmol/mm². Screening of the samples was performed by injecting aliquots of 50 μl, at concentrations of 0.1-8 μM, through all flow cells with a flow rate of 5 μl/min. Unless otherwise stated, the samples were dissolved in 10 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 0.005% surfactant P20. Sample buffer was also used as running buffer. The BIAcore response is expressed in relative response units (RU), i.e. the difference in response between the immobilized protein flow cell and the corresponding control flow cell (activated and blocked but without protein). Regeneration of the sensor chip after each cycle of analysis was performed by injecting 20 μl of 10 mM glycine/HCl pH 4.0, 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA and 0.005% surfactant P20. For calciumfree conditions, HBS containing 20 mM EDTA was used as sample as well as running buffer. Kinetic parameters were determined by using the BIAevaluation 3.0 software. For comparison of the response measured for mutant and wt sSortilin they were immobilized in different flow-cells on the same BIAcore chip and subjected to similar concentrations of (GST)Sort-pro, BDNF, NGF-pro and NT.

Determination of Inhibitory Effect

Inhibition of (GST)Sort-pro, BDNF, NGF-pro and NT binding by the tripeptide Tyr-Ile-Leu (YIL) was measured by adding increasing concentrations of YIL to the respective samples. The measure of inhibitory effect is then be given as the concentration of YIL where a 90% decreased binding is observed.

Example 3 Fluorescence Measurements

All intrinsic fluorescence measurements were conducted on a SFM-25, Kontron Instruments, at 20° C. with measurements from 280 nm to 500 nm in 1 nm increments. Data was collected on 0.55 μM sSortilin, 5 μM NT, and 0.55 μM sSortilin with 5 μM NT, all in a 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 150 mM NaCl buffer. sSortilin with NT was prepared by addition of NT from a 0.1 M stock solution to a 0.55 μM sSortilin solution, resulting in negligible dilution.

Example 4 Metabolic Labelling

Metabolic labelling was performed using 200 mCi of L-[³⁵S]cysteine and L-[³⁵S]methionine per ml of medium and in the presence of 10 mg/ml BFA as previously described in detail (5). Chase was performed in the absence of BFA and at given time points receptors were immunoprecipitated from the medium and from corresponding lysed cells. The precipitated proteins were analyzed by reducing PAGE and diphenyloxazole-fluorographed gels were exposed at −70° C.

Example 5 Crystallization, Cryoprotection and Ha Derivatization

The purified protein was dialyzed into a buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9 and 150 mM NaCl and concentrated to 4.5-5.5 mg/mL, as determined by a Bradford assay, using Centricon (Millipore Corp.) or Vivaspin (Sartorius Ltd.) concentrators. Mixing with Neurotensin (sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33):NT (SEQ ID NO:10) ratio 1:1.5 or 1:15) or NT propeptide residues 17-140 of SEQ ID NO:8; SEQ ID NO:41) (sSortilin:NT propeptide ratio 1:4) was done minutes before the crystallization experiment was set up. Crystallisation drops were set up at 20° C. using 2 μL protein solution and 2 μL of reservoir solution containing: 18-21% w/v PEG 6000, Tris-Hepes pH 7.2-7.8 (40-93 mM Tris and 100 mM Hepes) or 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 3-6% glycerol and either 600 mM NaCl or 250-400 mM C₃H₂Na₂O₄ (sodium malonate) that was adjusted to pH 6-7.5 by malonic acid. Seleno-methionine (Se-Met) labelled sSortilin:NT crystals diffracting to 3.2 Å were obtained at the same conditions. Crystals for data collection were dehydrated and cryoprotected by increasing the glycerol concentration of the reservoir to 12-15%. After over-night equilibration the crystals were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The crystals normally diffracted to about 3.3-3.0 Å, but for the crystals grown with slight excess of NT and with NaCl as the reservoir salt, we rarely obtained crystals, that diffracted considerably better (about 2.5-2.0 Å) and exhibited a change in unit cell parameters (Table 1). For preparation of Hg and Pt derivatives, powder of mercury salicylate and cis-Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂ was added directly to drops where crystals had formed. Soaking time for the Hg derivative was a month and for the Pt derivative a day. The Ta derivative was prepared by adding 1 μL of 1 mM Ta6Br12 dissolved in water to the drop of a dehydrating crystal for a soak time of 2 days, after which it had turned visibly green. None of the derivatized crystals were backsoaked.

Example 6 Data Collection and Processing

Data collection was performed at the synchrotrons MAX-lab (Lund, Sweden), SLS (Zurich, Switzerland) and DESY/EMBL (Hamburg, Germany), and processed using XDS (23) (see Table 1). Data on the Hg, Pt and Ta derivatives was collected near absorption edges of the respective elements and the dataset for the SeMet labeled crystal was collected directly at the Se peak wavelength (0.97853 Å), as determined by a fluorescence scan. The dataset for the sSortilin in complex with Neurotensin (sSort:NT) crystal was determined with a large excess of NT was corrected for anisotropy effects using the Diffraction Anisotropy Server (24).

TABLE 1 Data collection and processing statistics Se-sSort-NT sSort-NT sSort-NT sSort-NT (slight excess, (slight excess, (slight excess, (slight excess, 1:1.5) 1:1.5) 1:1.5) 1:1.5) sSort-NT69L HA soak Cis- Mercury Ta₆Br₁₂ Native Pt(NH₃)₂Cl₂ Salicylate Beamline I911-3, I911-5, X12, DESY PX1, SLS PX1, SLS MAXlab MAXlab Data statistics Wavelength (Å) 0.97853 0.90718 0.9050 1.2548 1.2970 Resolution 3.8 4.0 6.0 5.0 2.8 limit (Å) (4.1-3.8) (4.3-4.0) (6.6-6.0) (5.3-5.0) (2.9-2.8) Space group C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 Unit-cell a 162.3 Å 162.7 Å 162.6 Å 162.5 Å 161.3 Å b  79.8 Å  78.5 Å  75.9 Å  76.8 Å  78.4 Å c 112.1 Å 111.2 Å 110.7 Å 111.1 Å 112.0 Å β 126.67° 126.75° 127.75° 127.07° 126.92° Unique reflections 21311 18332 5103 9159 27362 Rsym(I)  5.2 (11.7)  6.8 (15.8) 2.6 (5.7) 2.4 (3.1)  4.5 (31.1) Completeness 95.2 (96.6) 97.7 (98.2) 96.7 (97.3)   98 (99.2) 96.3 (93.5) I/sigma 17.4 (10.5) 16.5 (8.0)  40.3 (22.8) 28.5 (23.7) 25.5 (6.1)  Phasing statistics High resolution 3.8 4.0 6.0 5.0 3.8 cutoff for phasing (Å) Sites 13 Se 4 Pt 2 Hg 1 Ta-cluster Phasing Power Iso_acen 0.262 0.614 0.415 0.325 Iso_cen 0.276 0.674 0.390 0.315 Ano_acen 1.705 0.621 0.981 0.363 Rcullis Iso_acen 0.993 0.908 0.980 0.964 Iso_cen 0.946 0.825 0.873 0.898 Ano_acen 0.645 0.640 0.571 0.638 Fom Acentric 0.45 Centric 0.18

Example 7 Phasing and Model Building

The inventors found 13 Se sites out of the 14 methionines present in sSortilin using SheIxD (25). SeMet SAD phases calculated using CNS (26) were used for identifying heavy atom sites in Pt, Hg, and Ta derivatives. We used all four derivatives together with an isomorphous 2.8 Å native dataset of sSortilin complexed to a Neurotensin analogue as input for MIRAS phasing in SHARP (27). A partial Cα trace was made with RESOLVE (28), which were extended and corrected by manual rebuilding in O (29). This partial model was then used for molecular replacement by use of MOLREP (30) into the 2.0 Å native dataset collected on sSortilin:NT crystals grown with a slight excess of NT. The complete model was created by cycles of refinement in CNS and manual rebuilding in O. Phasing of data collected on sSort:NT crystals grown with a large excess of NT and on data collected on sSort:propeptide fragment was performed by molecular replacement using an unfinished model for the 2.0 Å structure (NT not included), as input for MOLREP. The models were then completed by subsequent cycles of model building in O and refinement using CNS. For the final refinement, the inventors employed REFMAC (31) using TLS B-factor correction for the 2.0 Å sSort:NT structure, PHENIX(32) refine with TLS B-factor correction for the 2.6 Å sSort:NT structure and CNS for the 3.2 Å sSort:propeptide structure (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Data collection, processing, model building and refinement statistics sSort-propeptide sSort-NT sSort-NT (fragment 4-28, (slight excess, 1:1.5) (large excess, 1:15) 1:4) Beamline PX1, SLS I911-5, MAX-lab I911-5, MAX-lab Data statistics Wavelength (Å) 0.95008 0.90736 0.90736 Resolution limit (Å) 2.0 2.64 3.15 (2.1-2.0) (2.74-2.64) (3.3-3.15) Space group C2 C2 C2 Unit-cell a 145.8 Å 162.1 Å 162.1 Å b  74.5 Å  78.7 Å  78.1 Å c 108.3 Å 111.1 Å 111.7 Å β 131.87° 126.61° 127.20° Rsym(I)  7.3 (44.0)  4.9 (59.9)  7.4 (50.4) Completeness  96.9 (98.8) 98.0 (98.0)  99.0 (99.5) I/sigma 11.59 (4.32) 19.9 (2.9 ) 14.53 (2.59) Refinement statistics Reflections (work/test) 53737/2862 30813/953 18418/938 R-factor 0.204 0.169 0.230 Rfree 0.229 0.225 0.295 Number of atoms in model sSortilin and NT 5.213 5293 5.194 Carbohydrate 67 94 122 Water 307 213 0 PEG and glycerol 16 13 0 Mean B-factor (Å²) sSortilin 30.4 70.5 99.7 NT in binding site 1 57.1 68.3 — NT in binding site 2 — 103.2 — NT in artefact binding site — 126.7 — Glycosylations 49.2 98.0 138.0 Solvent (water, PEG, glycerol) 46.9 60.7 — Geometry Rmsd Bond-lengths 0.021 Å 0.008 Å 0.0076 Å  Rmsd Bond angles 1.832° 1.204° 1.389° Phi-Psi distribution Most favoured 87.0% 81.9% 70.7% Additionally allowed 12.0% 16.5% 27.0% Generously allowed 0.9% 1.2% 2.1% Dissallowed 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%

Example 8 Identification of the Pro-Neurotrophin Binding Site (Binding Site 3)

sSortilin Purification Soluble Sortilin (sSortilin), comprising SEQ ID NO. 1 (amino acids 78 to 755), fused C-terminally to His₆ was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells as previously described (5). The CHO-transfectants were cultured in serum-free HyQ-CCM5 CHO medium (HyClone, Logan, Utah) in 500 cm³ Nunclon™ TripleFlasks. sSortilin was purified by affinity chromatography with Receptor Associated Protein immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose beads (GE health care) as previously described (1). NGFpro Purification

BL21 (DE3) star RIPL cells were transformed with a pET-30 Ek/LIC vector containing a N-terminal Histidine tag (His₆), a tobacco etch virus protease protease (TEV) site and the open reading frame of the propeptide of Nerve Growth Factor (NGFpro). Cells were grown to an OD_(600nm), of 0.8 before induction with 1 mM IPTG over night (O/N) at 20° C. Cells were resuspended in lysis buffer: 50 mM TrisHCl pH=8.0, 1M KCl, 10 mM imidazole, 5 mM BME, 5 mM PMSF, 2 mg/ml DNase 1 and 1 protease inhibitor tablet (Complete, Roche)). Cells were disrupted on a high pressure homogenizer (HPH) and the lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 184.000×g. A Ni²⁺-column (HisTrap 1 ml FF, GE) was equilibrated with buffer A (50 mM TrisHCl pH=8.0, 200 mM KCl and 5 mM BME). The clarified lysate was loaded and NGFpro eluted with a 40 column volume (CV) imidazole (10 mM to 500 mM) gradient with buffer B (50 mM TrisHCl pH=8.0, 200 mM KCl, 500 mM imidazole and 5 mM BME). Fractions containing NGFpro from first Ni²⁺ column was pooled and buffer was exchanged to the TEV compatible buffer C (50 mM TrisHCl pH=8.0, 200 mM KCl, 5 mM BME, 0.5 mM EDTA). TEV digest was conducted at RT O/N. The His₆ tag was removed on a Ni²⁺ column (HisTrap 1 ml FF, GE) with a 40 column volume (CV) imidazole (0 mM to 250 mM) gradient. NGFpro from second Ni²⁺ column was concentrated using the Vivaspin 6 column with a 10 kDa cutoff membrane. Preparative gelfiltration was conducted at a Superdex 75 10/300 GL column (GE) with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min in buffer D (50 mM TrisHCl pH=7.6 and 150 mM NaCl).

Preparation of Peptides of NGF Propeptide

As demonstrated in FIG. 21, icosapeptides (20 aa) of the propeptide of Nerve Growth Factor were synthesized by solid phase chemistry at Caslo Laboratory Aps.

The peptides were amidated at the C-terminal and covered the whole NGFpro with a 3 aa overlap. The peptides (purity >95%) were dissolved in buffer E (10 mM HEPES pH=7.0 and 50 mM NaCl).

Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis

All measurements were performed on a BIAcore 3000 instrument (Biacore Sweden) maintained at 20° C. A continuous flow of buffer F (10 mM HEPES pH=7.4, 150 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 1.5 mM CaCl₂, 1.5 mM EGTA and 0.005% Tween-20) was passed over the CM5 chip sensor surface at 5 μl/min. The affinity of NGFpro and the peptides for immobilized sSortilin were determined. The dissociation constant (K_(d)) for NGFpro was ˜10 nM and for peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) ˜5 μM. The ability of the peptides to compete with NGFpro for binding to sSortilin was tested as well. The results are presented in FIG. 22.

Crystallization of Ssortilin with Ligands

Purified sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33) was dialyzed into buffer G (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0 and 150 mM NaCl) and concentrated in Vivaspin (Sartorius Ltd.) concentrators to 4.5-5.5 mg/mL, as determined by a Bradford assay. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33) and NGFpro (residues 19-121 of SEQ ID NO:6) were was mixed in molar ratio of 1:2 and incubated on ice for 1 hour. The complex was crystallized in vapour diffusion experiments using sitting drops. Crystallisation drops were set up at 20° C. using 1 μL complex solution and 1 μL of reservoir solution containing 20-28% Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 5000 monomethyl ether, 100 mM TrisHCl pH=7.5 and 200 mM L12SO4. sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33) and peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) was mixed in various molar ratios ranging from 1:5 to 1:28 and incubated on ice for 1 h. The complexes were crystallized in vapour diffusion experiments using sitting drops.

Crystallisation drops were set up at 20° C. using 1 μL complex solution and 1 μL of reservoir solution containing 20-28% PEG 6000, 100 mM TrisHCl pH=7.5 and 200-600 mM Li₂SO₄.

Dehydration of the crystals by adding sucrose or glycerol to the reservoir (up to 20% v/v) was carried out before they were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen.

Data Collection and Processing

X-ray diffraction data of the sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33): NGFpro (residues 19-121 of SEQ ID NO:6) complex was collected at station 1D29 at ESRF Grenoble (France) and diffraction data of the sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33): Peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) complex crystals were collected at cryo conditions using synchrotron radiation on station I911-3 at Max-lab Lund (Sweden). The data was indexed and processed with XDS (23). Crystals of sSortilin (SEQ ID NO: 33) in complex with NGFpro (residues 19-121 of SEQ ID NO:6) or Peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:51) were isomorphous belonging to the tetragonal space group P41212 with one sSortilin molecule in the asymmetric unit (Table 3). The structures were determined by molecular replacement using Phaser (36). The structure of sSortilin and neurotensin stripped of all its ligands was used as initial model for phasing. The resulting model was subjected to simulated annealing to reduce model bias and refinement in Phenix (32). Difference fourier maps Fobs-Fcalc were used to locate the bound part of the NGFpro as well as conformational changes of loops and glycosylations of sSortilin.

TABLE 3 Data collection and processing sSortilin:NGFpro sSortilin:peptide-4 (1:2) (1:17) Beamline ID29, ESRF Max-lab, I911-2 Data statistics Wavelength (Å) 1.07253 1.0737 Resolution (Å) 30.0-4.1 25.0-3.2  (4.3-4.1)  (3.4-3.2) Space group P4₁2₁2 P4₁2₁2 Unit-cell (Å) a, b 159.97 159.37 c 106.55 108.72 R_(merge) (I) 17.9 (73.8)  9.4 (69.9) Completeness 99.5 (99.6)  99.4 (99.9) I/sigma 9.4 (2.2) 17.35 (2.29)

Example 9 Docking and In Silico Screening

Two grids were calculated using Maestro version 8.0 with Exhaustive Sampling of Optimize H-bonds, one grid with Minimize structure within 0.3 Å and one without Minimize of each available, refined structure of Sortilin-ligand complex. The hydrogen of the —OH of Ser352 of SEQ ID NO:1 and the hydrogen of the NH of Ile353 of SEQ ID NO:1 were specified as possible constraints.

The bounding box was defined as the centroid of residues 325, 260, and 352 of SEQ ID NO:1 with standard value dimensions.

Ligands were built in Maestro as tripeptides with one residue substituted from Tyr-Ile-Leu, resulting in 60 natural peptides. Ligands were energy minimized in MacroModel with the OPLS_(—)2005 force field and maximum iterations set to 10000. Docking was performed into all the grids generated using the XP scoring function. The constraints were applied so that a hydrogen bond from the ligand had to be formed to one of the two hydrogens earlier specified. Peptides were chosen for synthesis and biochemical characterization based on both G-score and manual inspection of the docking pose. Additionally, consistently poorly scoring/docking ligands that were very similar to those chosen for synthesis were also synthesized as negative controls.

Generation of Docking Grid from the Structure Used for Docking

Go to the Workflows menu and choose the Protein Preparation Wizard.

Import your structure, then either leave the default settings in Fix Structure or change Delete Waters to 0.1 A, if you have no structural waters in the binding site, and press Setup. Check in the workspace that any structural waters were not removed. Manually remove any non-structural waters.

Next turn on the radio button for Exhaustive Sampling and click Optimize H-bonds. If you do not have a ligand in your binding pocket, then ignore the Minimize . . . button. If you do have a ligand in the binding pocket you should make two grids, one where you run Minimize . . . with the default settings and one where you either don't minimize or where you minimize Hydrogens only.

Go to Applications menu and choose Glide, then Receptor Grid Generation. If there is a ligand in your binding pocket it must be excluded from the grid generation and this is done by clicking it in the workspace while the Receptor tab is active. Click “Pick to identify ligand” if it isn't already yellow. Selecting the ligand sets a bounding box and you could generate a grid now but if the ligands you wish to dock are much larger than the original one then you should go the tab Site, click “Dock ligands with length <=” and adjust the slider. If there was no ligand in the original structure you should click “Centroid of selected residues” and in the workspace click the residues around the binding site.

If you are running Sortilin with a peptide in the Arg248 (/325/292) site (SEQ ID NO:1), go to Constraints tab and select the hydrogen of the hydroxyl of Ser275 (/352/319) and the polar hydrogen of Ile276 (/353/320). Now click Start.

Generation of Ligands and Energy-Minimization

Click the Build Panel button to open the build panel.

Deselect all entries in the project table. In the blank workspace, use the build panel to build your ligand. Make sure you have the correct charges (LigPrep will assign correct charges though and generate additional ligands for tautomers and multiple charge states as well as minimize the energy) and double click Add Hydrogens. Press the Generate Entry From Workspace button and name your ligand.

If your next ligand is similar to the first, go to the project table and duplicate, then rename, it. Edit the new entry as you built the first ligand. If it is very dissimilar simply deselect everything in the project table and do as you did for the first. If you have SMILES of your ligands, it is faster to convert them to mol2 format with OpenBabel and import them into the project table. .pdbs must have hydrogens specified for Maestro to recognize the bond order and .sdfs do not contain the chirality info.

There are two options for energy minimization: LigPrep or MacroModel.

-   -   a) Go to Applications menu and choose MacroModel, then Multiple         Minimization.

Select all your ligands from the project table and set the drop-down menu to Project Table (selected entries). In the Potential tab choose Force field: OPLS_(—)2005 (it should be default). Under Mini choose Method: PRCG (default) and Maximum iterations: 10000. If you have saved your ligands to a file and want to use them directly from there, then specify the file under the Mult tab and Start.

-   -   b) Go to Applications menu and choose LigPrep.

Select all your ligands from the project table or choose a file with all your ligands and set the drop-down menu accordingly. You might want to set the target pH to 7.4 and +/− lower than 2. Retain chiralities and start. Remember to inspect your ligands after minimization to confirm that they are correct, specifically chiral centers will be present in both enantiomers if they were not unambiguously defined in the original ligand. LigPrep is preferable to MacroModel because it generates all the states of histidine automatically.

Docking

Go to Applications menu and choose Glide, then Ligand Docking.

Select the Receptor grid file. Set Precision to XP. Dock flexibly and allow ring-flips. In the advanced settings set Maximum number of conjugate steps to 5000. Go to the Ligands tab and choose the file generated in the energy minimization step or simply choose them in the project table and set Selected entries on. In the Output tab set Write out at most 5 poses per ligand. Adjust ligands per docking run if you have very many ligands.

If you are running Sortilin with a peptide in the Arg248 (/325/292) site then go to the Constraints tab and in Group 1 add the two h-bond constraints and set Must match: At least: 1. Only poses that include a hydrogen bond to one of the two will be included. This added because Maestro reports many curled up peptides which do not appear natural and have not been observed in the structures—if this had not been observed then the correct approach would have been to dock without constraints.

Steps one and three are repeated for all the available structures. The minimized ligands from step two are re-used.

Evaluation of Results

Go to Applications menu and choose Glide, then Poseviewer.

Manually compare the docking of the highest scoring ligands, compare the same ligands in the other structures, synthesize those that seem reasonable as well as very related compounds that score/dock poorly for negative controls.

Example 10 Methods for Verification of Inhibitors

Subsequent to synthesis of identified ligands performed by methods well known to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry it is important to verify if the ligand candidates possess antagonistic properties, i.e. if said ligands are capable of preventing binding of endogenous ligands to any of binding sites 1, 2 or 3 of Sortilin.

The proposed ligands are tested for inhibitory effect by surface plasmon resonance measurements on immobililzed sSortilin as described in example 2.

The proposed ligands are radiolabeled and used for slice autoradiography. The developed images are compared to slice autoradiography employing radiolabeled monoclonal sortilin antibodies. Those ligands that co-localize with the monoclonal antibodies are tested again in slice autoradiography with slices of sortilin knock-out mice.

Ligands that image sortilin satisfactorily are injected in mice and brain homogenates are tested for radioactivity or the unlabeled ligands are labeled with radioisotopes suitable for either PET or SPECT and injected in mice or swine and their brains are imaged in vivo.

Endogenous stability experiments are performed on brain homogenates. Non-blood-brain barrier permeating compounds are suitable for non-CNS imaging and inhibition of this binding site in sortilin and BBB permeating compounds are suitable for brain scans examining the in vivo levels and distribution of sortilin.

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1. A crystal of a complex of sortilin, consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33; with a ligand; wherein the crystal is selected from the group consisting of: (a) a tetragonal crystal of said sortilin and the ligand: NGF pro domain (SEQ ID NO:40), wherein said crystal in space group P4₁2₁2 with unit cell dimension of a=b=159.97 Å, c=106.55 Å, α=β=γ=90°, (b) a tetragonal crystal of said sortilin and the ligand: peptide-4, said peptide-4 (SEQ ID NO:39), wherein and crystal is in space group P4₁2₁2 with unit cell dimensions of a=b=159.37 Å, c=108.72 Å, α=β=γ=90°, (c) a monoclinic crystal of said sortilin and the ligand: neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10), wherein and crystal is in space group C2 with unit cell dimensions of a=145.8 Å, b=74.5 Å, c=108.3 Å, α=γ=90°, β=131.87°, (d) a monoclinic crystal of said sortilin and the ligand: neurotensin (SEQ ID NO:10), wherein and crystal is in space group C2 with unit cell dimensions of a=162.1 Å, b=78.7 Å, c=111.1 Å, α=γ=90°, β=126.61°, and (e) a monoclinic crystal of said sortilin and the ligand: sSort-propeptide (SEQ ID NO:49), wherein and crystal is in space group C2 with unit cell dimensions of a=162.1 Å, b=78.1 Å, c=111.7 Å, α=γ=90°, β=127.20°.
 2. A method of growing the crystal according to claim 1, comprising the steps of: a. obtaining a composition comprising 4.5 to 5.5 mg/mL of the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 33 in a buffer, b. mixing said composition with a ligand, and c. subjecting predefined volumes of said composition and a crystallization solution, and d. obtaining crystals comprising SEQ ID NO:
 33. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said buffer contains 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9 and 150 mM NaCl.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said crystallization solution contains 18 to 21% w/v PEG
 6000. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said crystallization solution contains Tris-HEPES pH 7.2-7.8 (40-93 mM Tris and 100 mM HEPES) or 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein said crystallization solution contains 3 to 6% glycerol.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein said crystallization solution contains 300 to 900 mM NaCl or 150 to 400 mM C₃H₂Na₂O₄ wherein said C₃H₂Na₂O₄ is adjusted to pH 6 to 7.5 by malonic acid, or 300 to 500 mM LiSO₄ or 500-700 mM KCl.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the methionine residues of SEQ ID NO: 33 is replaced by seleno-methionine.
 9. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of: a. isolating an initial precipitate, and b. growing these by vapour diffusion from hanging drops.
 10. A method for identifying a compound that binds to a sortilin, wherein said method comprises: (a) obtaining the crystal of claim 1; (b) using the crystal obtained in step (a) to obtain an x-ray diffraction pattern; (c) solving the three dimensional structure of the sortilin from the diffraction pattern obtained in step (b), thereby obtaining the three dimensional structure of the sortilin; and (d) identifying one or more compounds that binds to sortilin based on the obtained three dimensional structure of the sortilin.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said compound binds to binding site 1, 2 or 3 of said sortilin, wherein: (1) said binding site 1 comprises amino acid residues R325, S316, Y351, I353, K260, I327, F314, F350 to M363, S305, F306, T398 to G400, I303-G309, Q349-A356, Y395 and T402 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (2) said binding site 2 comprises amino acid residues L572, L114, V112, R109 to S111, S115 to G118, T570, G571, W586, W597, T168-I174, L572, A573 and S584 to F588 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and (3) said binding site 3 comprises amino acid residues D403, S420, D422, N423, S424, I425, E426, T451, Y466, E470, I498, S499 and V500 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said compound is selected from the group comprising amino acid residues 19 to 241 of SEQ ID NO: 6 (proNGF), amino acid residues 19 to 121 of SEQ ID NO: 6 (NGF pro domain), amino acid residues 19 to 246 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (proBDNF), amino acid residues 19 to 127 of SEQ ID NO: 7 (BDNF pro domain), amino acid residues 17 to 257 of SEQ ID NO: 8 (proNT3), amino acid residues 17 to 140 of SEQ ID NO: 8 (NT3 pro domain), amino acid residues 25 to 210 of SEQ ID NO: 9 (proNT4/5), amino acid residues 25 to 80 of SEQ ID NO: 9 (NT4/5 pro domain), SEQ ID NO: 10 (Neurotensin), SEQ ID NO: 11 (PYIL), amino acid residues 11 to 13 of SEQ ID NO: 10 (YIL) and SEQ ID NO: 12 (NT69L). 